ABSTRACT
Phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of turmeric rhizome were studied. The results obtained show the presence of different phytochemicals including alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, phenol, HCN and starch at different levels of detection. Quantitative analysis result indicated varying concentrations of the different phytochemicals including alkaloid 0.65%, flavonoid 0.57%, saponin 0.17%, tannin 0.88%, phytate 0.37%, phenol 1.09% and HCN 9.38mg/kg. Test on antimicrobial activity revealed varying levels of activity of the plant extract in different solvents, with regard to different microorganisms. Water extract was the most potent against Staphylococcus aureus (12.67mm), Escherichia coli (15.00mm), Candida albicans (21.67mm) and Penicillium notatum (14.67mm). But ethanol extract was the most potent against Aspergillus niger (20.33mm). While the levels of activity against these microorganisms varied, they were all lower than the inhibition of standard antibiotics which had ranges of 17.33mm, 23.00mm (bacteria) and 21.33mm to 29.00mm (fungi). The methanol extracts were more potent on Staphylococcus aureus (12.00mm) and Penicillium notatum (12.33m), while other microorganisms were less susceptible. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the different extracts were in the range of 100g/ml to 200g/ml. Extract of the turmeric rhizomes demonstrated antioxidant activity in the form of scavenging (55.81%), reducing activity (41.67%) and chelating activity (43.81%). It was noted that the turmeric rhizome is rich in phytochemicals which conferred on it strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and thus leaving it with potentials for utilization in many useful areas like Pharmacology and Medicine.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim
and objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 4
2.1 Brief
history of turmeric 4
2.2 Overview
of turmeric 4
2.3 Genetic
density 5
2.4 Cultivation 6
2.5 Harvesting
and curing 6
2.6 Storage 7
2.7 Irrigation 7
2.8 Pest
and diseases of turmeric 8
2.8.1 Insect
pest 8
2.8.2 Diseases 8
2.9 Uses/importance
of turmeric rhizomes 8
2.9.1 Medicinal
and cosmetic use 8
2.9.2 Social
and religious uses 9
2.9.3 Uses
in folk and classical art forms 9
2.9.4 As
pesticide 10
2.10 Side
effects of turmeric 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 12
3.1 Materials 12
3.2 Methods 12
3.2.1 Sample
preparation 12
3.2.2 Media
preparation 12
3.2.3 Test
for media sterility 13
3.3 Preliminary
phytochemical screening of turmeric rhizome 13
3.3.1 Test
for saponins 14
3.3.2 Test
for flavonoid 14
3.3.3 Test
for alkaloid 14
3.3.4 Test
for tannin 15
3.3.5 Test
for terpenoids/steroids 15
3.3.6 Test
for HCN (Cynogenic glycosides) 15
3.4 Production
of test extracts/determination of yield 15
3.5 Quantitative
determination of phytochemicals 16
3.5.1 Determination
of alkaloids 16
3.5.2 Determination
of flavonoids 17
3.5.3 Determination
of saponin 18
3.5.4 Determination
of phenols 19
3.5.5 Determination
of (HCN) Cyanogenic glycoside 20
3.5.6 Determination
of tannin 21
3.5.7 Determination
of phytate 22
3.6 Determination
of anti-oxidant activity 22
3.6.1 Scavenging 22
3.6.2 Metal
chelating activity 23
3.6.3 Reducing
power assay 23
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Results 24
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 30
5.1 Discussion 30
5.2 Conclusion 33
5.3 Recommendation 33
REFERENCES
Appendices
LIST OF
TABLES
Tables Title Page
1 Preliminary
qualitative phytochemical screening of turmeric rhizomes 25
2 Quantitative
phytochemical content of turmeric rhizomes 26
3 Antioxidant
activity of turmeric rhizomes 29
LIST OF
FIGURES
Figures Title Page
1 Antimicrobial
activity of turmeric extracts 27
2 Minimum
inhibitory concentration of turmeric extracts 28
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a rhizomatous
herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Turmeric has at least 6000 years of documented
history of its use as medicine and in many socio-religious practices (Handral et al., 2013). Turmeric is cultivated
most extensively in India, followed by Bangladesh, China, Thailand, Canbodia,
Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines (Kafoor, 2000). India produces most of the
world supply (Leury and Foster, 2000). The commercially in Europe is obtained
mainly from India and Southwest from other Southern Eastern Asia countries.
Turmeric is known as the
golden spice as well as the spice of life. the earthly herb of sun’ with the
orange-yellow rhizome was regarded as the herb of the sun by the people of the
Vedic period. The ancient regarded turmeric as the ‘Tushadhi,’ the healing herb
of the sun, the most outstanding herb, the herb above all others The genus
exhibit wide variations at intra and inter specific levels.
Apart from its religious,
cultural and magical uses (Sophe, 2000), turmeric has encouraged the
improvement of soil health and productivity and the availability of local
resources. Thus, organic food is encouraged.
Turmeric having
anti-inflammatory hypocholestremic, antimicrobial, choleratic, insect
repellant, anti-leumatic, antibiotic, antivenous, antiviral as well as
cancerous properties is in day to day domestic use as a folk lore medicine from
time immemorial (Velayudhan, 2012). With curcumin, oleoresin, oil and the other
complex chemical content is lately gaining importance as a potential source of
drugs for various ailments. These medicinal attributes can be related to
turmeric high content of curcumniod especially curcumin which is considered a
chemical maker of the specie (Gupta et al.,
2012).
The antioxidant activity
of turmeric justifies its use in a broad range of applications including
cosmetics (Thomfeldt, 2005), nutriceuticals and phytomedicines (Aggarwal and
Hankumar, 2009). Turmeric oil is used in aromatherapy and in the perfume
industry.
Turmeric is a
cost-effective supplement to chemical fertilizers and as a renewable energy,
microbial inoculates can economize the high investment needed for fertilizer
usage of nitrogen and phosphorus (Pandey and Kumar, 2002).
The plant is eradicated
with interesting pesticide properties against insects and fungi of agricultural
significance, including repellant properties against some noxoious mosquito
species (Damalas, 2011). It also has some side effect such as slowing blood
clotting and causing uterine contraction in pregnant women (Park et al., 2000). However, its antioxidant,
phytochemical and antimicrobial activities makes it an essential natural plant
that is beneficial to man.
1.2 AIM
AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research
is to study the antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemical constituents of
turmeric rhizomes.
Its objectives include:
-
To determine the phytochemical composition (qualitative and
quantitative) of turmeric rhizomes.
-
To produce extracts (water, ethanol and methanol) from
turmeric rhizome.
-
To determine the antimicrobial activity of turmeric extracts
against some microbial pathogens including Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans.
-
To determine the antioxidant activity of extracts of turmeric
rhizomes.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment