ANTIBIOGRAM OF E.COLI IN INTESTINE OF CHICKEN FROM MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE POULTRY FARM, UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

Raw chicken intestine presents an ideal substrate supporting the growth of bacteria pathogenic to humans such as E. coli. When consumed, these contaminated intestines constitute a major source of food-borne illnesses in humans. Chicken intestine can also act as a reservoir of drug resistant bacteria. This study was carried out to determine the E. coli contamination levels, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of E. coli isolated from raw chicken intestine selected from the farm centre in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Abia State Southeastern Nigeria. Contamination of retail chicken intestine by bacteria such as E. coli can occur at slaughter, during packaging, during transportation to retail outlets. If the problem is not checked, these resistant E. coli may colonize the human intestinal tract and may contribute resistant genes to human endogenous flora as well as other pathogenic micro-organisms thus causing infections with limited therapeutic options. Chicken intestine were obtained at the farm centre of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. These were collected in sterile sample bottles and transported to the microbiology laboratory for analysis between August to September 2018. Enumeration of E. coli from the chicken samples was performed. Colony counts for each plate were done, the microbial count in colony forming units per ml (cfu/ml) rinse water was obtained from the samples. After incubation, the plates were examined and a single colony selected for confirmative identification of E. coli through biochemical tests. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to test susceptibility of the isolated E. coli to antibiotics commonly used in animal and human health. Antimicrobial sensitivity test and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) of each of the isolate was done according to the recommendations reported by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2012. The antibiotic resistance pattern of E.coli isolates from poultry intestine against 5 conventional antibiotics indicates highest in ofloxacin(23%) and peflacin(23%) respectively and lowest in cipitofloxacin (8%).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of contents                                                                                                                    v

Abstract                                                                                                                                   vii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Statement of the problem                                                                                               1

1.1   Aims and Objectives                                                                                                       2

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   Poultry production                                                                                                          3

2.2   Biology of E. coli                                                                                                           4

2.2.1   Sources of contamination by E. coli in chicken intestine                                            5

2.3   Antimicrobial consumption in food producing animals                                                 5

2.4   Antimicrobial resistance                                                                                                 6

2.4.1   Antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from poultry                                           7

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1   Study site and Study samples                                                                                         9

3.2   Laboratory Procedures                                                                                                   9

3.2.1   Enumeration of E. coli                                                                                                 9

3.2.2   Isolation and presumptive identification of E. coli                                                     10

3.2.3   Biochemical tests                                                                                                         11

3.2.4   Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing                                                                            12

3.3       Determination of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index                                     13

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

4.1       Presentation of Result                                                                                                 14

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   20

5.2       Conclusions                                                                                                                21

5.3       Recommendations                                                                                                      21

References                                                                                                                              22

Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

Table                        Title                                                      Page

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1   Statement of the problem

Raw retail chicken meat presents an ideal substrate supporting the growth of bacteria pathogenic to humans such as E. coli. When consumed, these contaminated meats constitute a major source of food-borne illnesses in humans.

Because of their resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents, these bacteria may cause infections for which limited therapeutic options are available. This results in use of alternative, more expensive and less readily available antibiotics. Furthermore, commensals E. coli of animal origin may act as a donor of antimicrobial resistance genes for other pathogenic bacteria. 

Chicken intestine can also act as a reservoir of drug resistant bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance among E. coli in food animals such as chicken is of increasing global concern due to the potential for transfer of these resistant pathogens to the human population. This has been documented and could pose a threat to public health (O‟Brien, 2002; Angulo et al., 2004; Molbak, 2004). These resistant E. coli may colonize the human intestinal tract and may contribute resistant genes to human endogenous flora as well as other pathogenic micro-organisms thus causing infections with limited therapeutic options.

Chicken is fast rising to be a popular meat globally. Food safety is of utmost importance to all stakeholders including livestock producers, animal health experts, the medical community, consumers, regulatory agencies, the government and the food industry. 

E. coli are the most prevalent commensals enteric bacteria in animals across species and humans and are also important zoonotic agents which can be implicated in animal and human infectious diseases (Costa et al., 2008). For this reason, they are considered significant in causing a variety of food-borne illnesses in humans. Furthermore, the level of antibiotic resistance in commensals E. coli is considered to be a good indicator of the selection pressure exerted by antibiotic use and also for the resistance problems to be expected in other pathogenic bacteria in humans (Van den Bogaard and Stobberingh, 2000). 

Contamination of retail chicken intestine by bacteria such as E. coli can occur at slaughter, during packaging, during transportation to retail meat outlets or via butcher’s hands and contaminated surfaces at these various retail outlets before distribution to consumers. If the problem is not checked. It was critical therefore, to carry out a science based assessment of the risk to consumers arising from exposure to retail chicken meat with E. coli and other coliform bacteria that apart from causing food borne illnesses can also contribute to the antimicrobial resistance load that already exists.

 In Abia State, very few prevalence and resistance surveillance studies with limited number of E. coli isolates from chicken have been published. There is limited information showing contamination rate by coliforms and E. coli and their antimicrobial resistance profiles in retail chicken meat made available to consumers. Yet these data are essential for performing risk assessment and risk management. This study was therefore important as the results will constitute a source of information for hazard assessment during application of food safety management system in Abia State to reduce the risk of transmission of coliforms and antibiotic resistant E. coli.

1.2   Aims and Objectives

• To isolate and characterize E. coli isolates from chicken intenstines.
• To determine the prevalence of E. coli isolates.
• To determine the antibiogram of the E. coli isolates.

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