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ANATOMICAL STUDIES OF ELUESINE INDICA (L.) GAERTN AND AXONOPOUS COMPRESSUS (SW.) P. BEAUV GROWN ON WASTE ENGINE OIL CONTAIMINATED SOIL.

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Product Code: 00009698

No of Pages: 66

No of Chapters: 1-5

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ABSTRACT

 

The concentrations of waste engine oil increase in our environment from year to year. Different kinds of plants respond to concentration of contaminants differently, because of the diversity of physiological and morphological characteristics. The experiment was conducted in an experimental farm behind the mushroom house of the Department of plant Science and Biotechnology, Micheal Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, in Abia State. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design, (CRD) with three (3) replicates and a total of five (5) treatments. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of spent engine oil was investigated on the anatomy of leaf, stem and root of two different grasses, E. indica and A. compressus. The soil was contaminated with different concentrations of waste engine oil at 2%, 4%, 7% and 10.0% v/w, (volume/weight), with untreated soil (0.0%) as the control. In this study the effect of different concentrations of spent engine oil was investigated on anatomy of the leaf, stem and root of the grasses. In E. indica and A.cpmpressus leaf with 0% concentration result showed that there were stomata present and have straight epidermal cell walls, while from 2% - 10% concentrations showed sinuosity and distortion of the epidermal cells of the leaves. Their stems at 0% concentration showed normal arrangement of the vascular bundles, large parenchyma cells and intercellular air spaces, but from 2%-10% showed distortion and clogging of the vascular bundles and damage of other tissues like the pith, parenchyma was the most noticeable effect on the contaminant had on the stem anatomy of the crops. Their roots at 0% concentration showed normal parenchyma cells of the pith, while from 2%- 10%, it showed breakdown of cells and tissues. In conclusion, waste engine oil pollution affects the anatomy of E. indica and A. compressus, grown on different concentration of this pollutant, the stomata, vascular bundles, parenchyma cells and intercellular air spaces were also affected on the stems of this grasses and breakdown of tissue and parenchyma cells were also affected at 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% concentration of waste engine oil.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT


Title Page                                                                                                                                  I          

Certification                                                                                                                             II      

Declaration                                                                                                                             III

Dedication                                                                                                                              IV      

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  V

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   VI

List of Figures                                                                                                                         VII

List of Plates                                                                                                                           VIII

Abstract                                                                                                                                  X

CHAPTER 1                                                                                                                          1

INTRODUCTION                                                                                                                  1

1.1 Background Information                                                                                                  1

1.2  Effect of Spent Engine Oil On Plant                                                                          3

1.3 Justification of the study                                                                                                   5

1.4 Objective of the study                                                                                                       5

CHAPTER 2                                                                                                                          6

LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                                       6

2.1 OVERVIEW OF PHYTOREMEDIATION                                                                     6

2.2 Mechanisms of Phytoremediation

2.2.1 Rhizofiltration                                                                                                    7

2.2.2 Phytostabilization                                                                                              8

2.2.3 Phytovolatilization                                                                                            8

2.2.4 Phytodegradation                                                                                              9

2.2.5 Phytoextraction                                                                                                  9

2.3  Advantages of phytoremediation                                                                               9

2.3.1 Direct Benefits of Phytoremediation                                                                             9

2.3.2 Indirect Benefits of Phytoremediation                                                                          10

2.4 Limitations of Phytoremediation                                                                                     11

2.4.1 Heavy metal toxicity                                                                                                     12

2.5 Application of plants for phytoremediation                                        14

2.6  Examples of plants used in phytoremediation                                                           15

2.7 Plant Characteristics                                                                                                         15

2.7.1 Eleusine Indica                                                                                                              15

2.7.2 Description                                                                                                                    17

2.7.3 Distribution                                                                                                                    17

2.7.4 Botany of Plant (E. indica).                                                                                           17

2.7.5 Economic importance and uses                                                                                     18

2.7.6 Edible Uses                                                                                                                    18

2.7.7 Medicinal uses                                                                                                               18

2.7.8 Agroforestry uses                                                                                                           19

2.8 Axonopus compressus                                                                                                       19

2.8.1 Scientific classification                                                                                                 19

2.8.2 Description                                                                                                                    20

2.8.3 Distribution                                                                                                                    20

2.8.4 Botany                                                                                                                           21

2.8.4 Habitat                                                                                                                           21

2.8.6 Uses/ Economic Important                                                                                            22

2.8.6.1 Medicinal Uses                                                                                                           22

2.8.6.2 Agroforestry Uses                                                                                                       22

CHAPTER 3                                                                                                                          24

MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                                           24

3.1 Study Area                                                                                                                        24

3.2 Experimental Design                                                                                                        24

3.3 Collection of Soil and plants Sample.                                                                              24

3.4 Collection of oil sample                                                                                                   24

3.5 Soil Treatment                                                                                                                  25

3.6 Anatomical Studies.                                                                                                          25

3.7 Epidermal Peels.                                                                                                               26

3.8 Photomicrographs.                                                                                                            26

CHAPTER 4                                                                                                                          27

RESULTS                                                                                                                         27

4.1 Effect of Different Percentage of Waste Engine Oil Pollution On the Anatomy of Leaf, Stem and Root of Grasses.                                                                                                                        27

CHAPTER 5                                                                                                                          39

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.2 CONCLUSION                                                                                                                 41

5.2 RECOMMENDATION                                                                                                    41

REFERENCE

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1Eleusine indica

Fig. 2: Axonopus compressus

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: T/S of the leaf E. indica grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil.

Plate 2: T/S of the stem E. indica grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil.

Plate 3: T/S of the root E. indica grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil.

Plate 4: T/S of the leaf A. compressus grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil.

Plate 5: T/S of the stem A. compressus grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil.

Plate 6: T/S of the root A.compressus grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil.

 



 

 

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Spent engine oil sometimes referred to as waste engine oil is produced from automobile mechanic shops and mechanical or electrical engine repairers’ shops (Anoliefo and Vwioko, 2001) after servicing the vehicles engines, generating set and other types of engines. It has dark brown to black color and it is harmful to the soil environment (Adedokun and Ataga, 2007). This is because it contains a mixture of different chemicals including low to high molecular weight (C15-C21) compounds, lubricants, additives and decomposition products and heavy metals which have been found to be harmful to the soil and human health (Duffus, 2002).

According to Ekundayo et al., (1989), marked change in properties occurs in the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soils contaminated with lubricant oil. Oil displaces air and water leading to anaerobic condition (Atlas, 1977). The presence of spent lubricant oil in soil increases bulk density, decreases water holding capacity and aeration propensity (Kayode et al., 2009). The authors also noted reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium and increased levels of heavy metals in soils contaminated with spent oil. In contrast, Vwioko et al., (2006) noted buildup of essential elements such as organic carbon and organic matter and their eventual translocation to plant tissues.

Contamination of soil by oil spills is a wide spread environmental problem that often requires cleaning up of the contaminated sites (Bundy et al., 2002). Disposal of oil based wastes, oil spills from well blow outs and pipeline ruptures are the most common sources of petroleum contamination (Reis, 1996). The indiscriminate disposal of spent lubricating oil by motor mechanics is a common source of spent lubricating oil contamination of soil in countries like Nigeria that do not enforce strict compliance to environmental laws. Crude oil and its products’ spills affect plants adversely by creating conditions which make essential nutrients like nitrogen and oxygen needed for plant growth unavailable to them. It has been recorded that oil contamination causes slow rate of germination in plants. According to Adam and Duncan (2002) this effect could be because the oil acts as a physical barrier preventing or reducing access of the seeds to water and oxygen. 

Over the world, about 8.8 million of metric tonnes of crude oil are released into the world water and soil. And out of this, 90% is responsible for human activities of oil spillage and deliberate discharge of waste into soil and water bodies (NRC, 1985). And the oil rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria has been characterized by petroleum exploration, exploitation and production activities and hence, daily predisposed to oil pollution of varying magnitudes. For instance, since commercial exploration of petroleum started in Nigeria in 1958, the land, water bodies and marshes have become heavily polluted due to accumulation from several years of incipient and perceived pollution of the ecosystem. (UN Report, 2001). According to UN report, it is believed that an average riverine dweller of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is exposed to polluted air, polluted water and polluted food, thus resulting in health hazard that reduces life expectancy. Also the agricultural lands have become less productive, and the creeks and the fishing waters have become more or less dead as well as series of civil unrests witnessed in the region due to environmental degradation of oil exploration opined that oil exploration and exploitation have over the last four decades impacted disastrously on the socio-physical environment of the Niger-Delta oil bearing communities, massively threatening the subsistent peasant economy and the environment and hence, the entire livelihood and basic survival of the people. (Efe et al., 2012). However, attempts at cleanup of oil contaminated sites in the region have been the physical, chemical and thermal process techniques. However, these techniques have some adverse effects on the environment and are also expensive. (Lundstedt, 2003).


1.2 Effect of Spent Engine Oil On Plant

 Growth and yield in soil contaminated with spent engine oil. For instance, Odjegba and Sadiq (2002) reported low yield and decreased growth grown in spent lubricant of plant oil contaminated soil. In most cities and towns in Nigeria, some farmers or residents grow vegetables, maize and other crops around the mechanic villages or sink borehole without considering the health risks involved. Odjegba and Sadiq (2002).  Researchers such as Wang et al. (2000), Odjegba and Sadiq (2002), Agbogidi and Nweke (2006) and Okonokhua et al. (2007) had worked on effect of spent lubricant oil contamination on soil properties and crop yield but not much work has been carried out on heavy metals uptake by crops in Abakaliki areas.

Several civil unrests due to environmental degradation due oil exploration have also been witnessed in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria (Inoni et al., 2006). The physical, chemical and thermal processes are the common techniques that have been involved in the cleaning up of oil contaminated sites (Frick et al., 1999). These techniques however have some adverse effects on the environment and are also expensive (Frick et al., 1999; Lundstedt, 2003). Recently, biological techniques like phytoremediation are being evaluated for the remediation of sites contaminated with petroleum.  Phytoremediation suitability of G. max for use in remediation of crude oil polluted soil.

The study is significant for some reasons. Firstly, phytoremediation has mostly involved the use of weeds (Aprill and Sims, 1990; Lee and Banks, 1993; Schwab and Banks, 1994; Qui et al., 1997; Banks et al., 2000). The use of food crops will improve the economic value of the technique (Van de Lelie et al., 2001). Secondly, although the conditions in the tropics favour phytoremediation, few researches have been carried on this technique in the tropics (Gallegos Martinez et al., 2000; Merkl et al, 2005a). There is the need therefore to evaluate the potentials of phytoremdiation in the tropics especially in Nigeria where pollution due to oil activities is high. Njoku et al., (2008b). In addition, the high nutritional value of G. max makes it acceptable by many and Njoku et al., (2008b) reported that G. max has the potential of growing in sandy loam soil, a soil type found in Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Highly developed urban landscapes have received substantial attention in programs designed to

cleanup contaminants the term “brownfields” is widely recognized (Cunningham et al., 1996). Cleanup efforts, however, have generally been aimed and large sites intended for redevelopment. Because speed is commonly important in such projects, phytoremediation is less commonly used (Black, 1995). Development of wildlife habitat in urban neighborhoods has been almost entirely ignored because a vacant lot or unused city strip cannot become part of a large wilderness area, the presumption has been that they are useless as habitat. (Burger et al., 2003). We are coming to realize, that while it is true that such small spaces, surrounded by urban noise, light, and pollution, cannot recreate the wilderness that the city replaced, they can support plants, animals, and ecosystems that have social, aesthetic, and natural value (Flathman et al., 1998). Flowers, diverse and interesting insects, and communities of birds can become common again, even as we acknowledge that the corner lot cannot become wood forest. (Atlas et al., 1997).

Phytoremediation with native plants provides a link between the objectives of site cleanup and habitat restoration. The plants whose rhizospheres promote degradation of hydrocarbons will at

the same time provide food and habitat for rehabilitated ecosystems as the transition is made

from brownfield to green space. (Aprill et al., 1990). Plants native to Southern California grew more roots deeper, and roughly matched the performance of a control planting of grass, we have found no reason why native plants should fail. Single native plant species alone performed as well as grass in phytoremediation (RTDF, 1999). Investigating the synergistic effects of multiple native species together (e.g., shrubs, grasses, and annual forbs) would be a promising next step. (Aprill et al,.1990). As expected, the presence of native plants in field trials attracted an insect community that is more typical of the natural ecosystems of the region than the surrounding urban landscape, (Bowen et al., 1976).


1.3  Justification of the study

This is an attempt to validate the technology of phytoremediation to solve the problem. Hence this work is carried out in order to bring to knowledge of using grasses E. indica and A. compressus as the best grasses to clean up soil that have been polluted with waste egine oil. Since phytoremediation has been described as cheaper and better eco-friendly unlike the costly physical and chemical methods of reducing the toxic effect of heavy metals in soil.


1.4 Objective of the study

The objective of this research study therefore is to:

1.     Evaluate the changes in some anatomical structures of Eluesin indica and Axonopus compressus as a result of waste engine oil soil contamination.

2.     Determine which of the two species is more sensitive to spent engine oil pollution.


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