ABSTRACTS
Waste engine oil (WEO) contaminated soil has been considered as harmful to the soil and plants physiology as well. The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of waste engine oil contaminated soil on the anatomy of Setaria barbata and Digitaria horizontalis and the concentrations were 0%, 2%, 4%,7% and 10% respectively. The experimental grasses (D. horizontalis and S. barbata) were collected from the wild fallow farmland in the university campus and the waste engine oil obtained as pooled used engine oil from heavy-duty vehicle at motor mechanic workshop in Umuahia, Abia state. The soil used in this research were sieved and homogenized with the waste engine oil. The plants were raised in buckets containing 4kg of sieved sand each at 80ml, 160ml, 280ml and 400ml. The waste engine oil was mixed to the 4kg sand in the buckets. Each treatment including the control was replicated three times (3x). The plants were allowed for six weeks. At the control, the stomata of S. barbata and D. horizontalis were clearly viewed but as the concentration increased reduction in stomata and increase in sinous epidermal cell wall were seen. Large parenchyma and intercellular air spaces was observed in the stem then the root experienced distortion in the parenchyma pith on both plants (D. horizontalis and S. barbata). This showed that at high concentration of waste engine oil contamination, the anatomic structure and arrangement of cells and tissues are affected negatively and the ability for the two experimental plants (D. horizontalis and S. barbata) to withstand this stress made them fit for phytoremediation.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page
i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of contents vi
List of Figures vii
List of
Plates viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Information 1
1.2 Justification
of the study 3
1.3 Objectives of
the study 4
CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1. Botany of the experimental plants. 5
2.1.1 Taxonomic classification of Digitaria horizontalis 5
2.1.2 Botany of
Digitaria horizontalis 5
2.1.3 Habitat/Ecology of Digiteria horizontalis 6
2.2.1 Taxonomic Classification of Setaria barbata 8
2.2.2 Botany of Setaria
barbata. 8
2.2.3 Habitat/Ecology of Setaria barbata. 9
2.3 Overview of
the effects of waste engine oil contamination on soil. 10
2.4 Effects of
waste engine oil contaminated soil on the plant anatomy 11
2.5 Effects of
waste engine oil treated soil in plant root anatomy 11
2.6 Review of phytoremediation 12
2.7
Remediation techniques 13
2.7.1 Phytovolatilization 14
2.7.2
Rhizofiltration
14
2.7.3 Phytoextraction 15
2.7.4
Phytostabilization 15
2.7.5 Phytodegradation 16
2.8 Application of plants for phytoremediation 17
2.9 Safety measures in
phytoremediation process 18
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS
AND METHOD
3.1 Study area 20
3.2 Experimental
design 20
3.3 Collection of
soil samples 20
3.4 Collection of plant samples 21
3.5 Collection of waste engine oil 21
3.6 Soil treatment 21
3.7 Anatomical Studies 22
3.8 Epidermal Peels 22
3.9
Photomicrography 23
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS 24
CHAPTER 5
5.1
Discussion 36
5.2
Conclusion 37
5.3
Recommendation ` 38
List of Figures
Fig.1 Digiteria
horizontalis 7
Fig.2 Setaria barbata 9
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Plate 1: T/S of the leaf of Digitaria horizontalis grown
on 0%, 2%, 4%,7%
and 10% waste engine oil contaminated soil 25
Plate 2:
T/S of stem of Digitaria horizontalis grown
on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil contaminated soil. 27
Plate 3:
T/S of the root of Digitaria horizontalis grown
on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil
contaminated soil. 28
Plate 4:
T/S of the leaf of Setaria barbata grown on
0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil
contaminated soil. 31
Plate 5:
T/S of stem of Setaria barbata grown on
0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil
contaminated soil. 33
Plate 6:
T/S of the root of Setaria barbata grown on
0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil
contaminated soil. 35
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Information
Environmental pollution with petroleum products such
as crude oil, waste engine oil, grease has been recognized as one of the most
serious current problems especially when associated with accidental spills on
large scale (Mandri and Lin, 2007). The disposal of spent engine oil into gutters,
water drains, open vacant plots and farms is a common practice in Nigeria
especially by motor mechanics (Anoliefo and Vivioko, 2001). This oil also
called spent lubricant or waste engine oil is usually obtained after servicing
and subsequently draining from automobile and generator engines (Anoliefo and
Vivioko, 2001) and much of this oil is poured into the soil. Disposal of oil
based wastes, oil spills from well blow outs and pipeline ruptures are the most
common source of petroleum contamination (Rees, 1996). Petroleum hydrocarbons
found in the environment usually originate from crude oil distillates like
gasoline, lubricating oils and other petroleum products used by humans for a
variety of activities like fueling vehicles, natural gas, motor oil has
resulted in increased consumption of petroleum products resulting in increased
contamination of site with petroleum and petroleum by-products (Baman, 1991).
The agricultural lands in the area have become less productive (Dabbs, 1996)
and the creeks and fishing water have become more or less dead (Okpokwasile and
Odokuma, 1990). Oil pollution in whatever form is toxic to plants and soil
micro-organism (Adenipekun and Kassim, 2003; Adedokun, 2007). These petroleum
hydrocarbons adversely affect the germination and growth of plants in the soil.
(Samina and Adam, 2002). Oil spill affect plants by creating conditions which
make essential nutrients like nitrogen and oxygen needed for plant growth
unavailable to them (Adam and Duncan, 2002). The removal of these pollutants
from the areas where they are found is necessary to curb its aggravation.
Remediation methods can be physical, chemical or biological (Sarker et al., 2005). Ikhajiagbe (2010),
reported that the most practice of bioremediation relies on the soil’s inherent
microbial population, microbial activity and processes. Although, other
biological methods may include the sole use of plant in remediation
(phytoremediation). Anoliefo and Ikhajiagbe (2011) reported that
phytoremediative capabilities of plants in oil-polluted soil are better enhanced
by their symbolic interactions with rhizospheric micro-organism.
The spent engine oil gets to the environment due to
discharge by motor and generator mechanics (Odjegba and Sadiq, 2002) and from
the exhaust system used and due to engine leaks (Anoliefo and Edegai, 2000;
Osubor and Anoliefo, 2003). The contamination of the natural environment by
petroleum-derived substances contributes to the degradation of land (Sztompka,
1999). Growth of Amaranthus hybridus were significantly affected in
spent engine oil polluted soil (Odjegba and Idowu, 2002). Agbogidi and Nweke
(2005) and Agbogidi et al., (2006) showed that crude oil application to soil
significantly reduced crop growth and in Okra and five cultivars of Soy beans
respectively. Daniel-Kalio and Pepple (2006) reported a significant higher
means plant height, leaf area and dry weight of Comelina begalensis (day
flower) at 0 mg g-1 oil pollution than at 50 mg g-1 pollution level. Further
still, Ibmesin (2010) reported that vegetative cutting of Paspalum (Sour grass)
grew well in absence of oil and salinity and that 75% of the test plants
survived in low oiling but heavy oiling resulted in mortality. The most
important and common symptoms observed in the plants contaminated with oil and
its by-products include the degradation of chlorophyll (Malallah et al, 1998),
alterations in the stomata mechanisms and reduction in photosynthesis and
respiration (Baker, 1970), increase in the production of stress-related
phytohormones (Larcher, 2000), accumulation of toxic substances or their
by-products in vegetal tissue (Baker, 1970), decrease in size and less
production of biomass (Brandt et al.,
2006; Daniel-Kalio and Pepple, 2006; Adenipekun et al, 2008). Anoliefo
and Edegbai, 2000, Anoliefo and Vwioko, 2001; Agbogidi, 2011a; Atuanya, 1987;
Odjeba and Sadiq, 2002, Agbogidi and Ejemeta, 2005, Agbogidi, 2010; Adam et
al, 2003, Clark 2003, worked extensively on the effects of spent engine oil
on plants.
1.2 Justification of the study
The
harmfulness of petroleum products such as crude oil, waste engine oil,
lubricating oil and other petroleum products cannot be over emphasized. Soil
pollution by crude oil and petroleum products such as fuel oil, waste engine
oil and diesel fuels are presently a menace in Nigeria, particularly in big
cities. Oil pollution in whatever form is toxic to plants and soil
micro-organisms. Oils spills, waste engine oil and other products from
petroleum affects plants by creating conditions which make essential nutrients
like nitrogen and oxygen needed for plant growth unavailable to them. The role
of grasses and legumes in replenishing lost soil nutrients and in
phytoremediation of waste engine oil polluted soil is a new area of study with
a lot of potentials, since phytoremediation has been described as cheaper and
better (eco-friendly) unlike the costly physical and chemical methods of
reducing the toxic effects of heavy metals in the soil. The choice of these
plants in this study is to a large extent due to availability of the plants and
their propagule in this part of the country where waste engine oil is of common
occurrence. This study will be a contribution to the green technology of phytoremediation
and the result of this research project will serve as a reference point to
environmentalist and other scientist who undertake research on soil pollution.
1.3
Objective of the study
The objective of this study is;
1. To investigate the possible changes that occurred in Digitaria horizontalis and Setaria barbata as a result of waste
engine oil contaminated soil.
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