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STUDIES ON ANATOMY OF DIGITARIA HORIZONTALIS H. AND SETARIA BARBATA L. AS A PHYTOREMEDIATOR OF WASTE ENGINE OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL.

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009717

No of Pages: 54

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

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ABSTRACTS

Waste engine oil (WEO) contaminated soil has been considered as harmful to the soil and plants physiology as well. The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of waste engine oil contaminated soil on the anatomy of Setaria barbata and Digitaria horizontalis and the concentrations were 0%, 2%, 4%,7% and 10% respectively.  The experimental grasses (D. horizontalis and S. barbata) were collected from the wild fallow farmland in the university campus and the waste engine oil obtained as pooled used engine oil from heavy-duty vehicle at motor mechanic workshop in Umuahia, Abia state. The soil used in this research were sieved and homogenized with the waste engine oil. The plants were raised in buckets containing 4kg of sieved sand each at 80ml, 160ml, 280ml and 400ml. The waste engine oil was mixed to the 4kg sand in the buckets. Each treatment including the control was replicated three times (3x). The plants were allowed for six weeks. At the control, the stomata of S. barbata and D. horizontalis were clearly viewed but as the concentration increased reduction in stomata and increase in sinous epidermal cell wall were seen. Large parenchyma and intercellular air spaces was observed in the stem then the root experienced distortion in the parenchyma pith on both plants (D. horizontalis and S. barbata). This showed that at high concentration of waste engine oil contamination, the anatomic structure and arrangement of cells and tissues are affected negatively and the ability for the two experimental plants (D. horizontalis and S. barbata) to withstand this stress made them fit for phytoremediation.





TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                        i

Declaration                                                                                                                  ii

Certification                                                                                                               iii

Dedication                                                                                                                  iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                       v

Table of contents                                                                                                         vi

List of Figures                                                                                                             vii

List of Plates                                                                viii

Abstract                                                                                        ix


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION                                                                         

1.1 Background Information                                                                                       1

1.2 Justification of the study                                 3

1.3 Objectives of the study                                                                                           4


CHAPTER 2

LITRATURE REVIEW                                                                                              

2.1. Botany of the experimental plants.                                                                        5

2.1.1 Taxonomic classification of Digitaria horizontalis                                                5

2.1.2   Botany of Digitaria horizontalis                                                                         5

2.1.3   Habitat/Ecology of Digiteria horizontalis                                                           6

2.2.1 Taxonomic Classification of Setaria barbata                                                        8

2.2.2 Botany of Setaria barbata.                                                                                    8

2.2.3 Habitat/Ecology of Setaria barbata.                                                                     9

2.3 Overview of the effects of waste engine oil contamination on soil.                             10

2.4 Effects of waste engine oil contaminated soil on the plant anatomy                             11

2.5 Effects of waste engine oil treated soil in plant root anatomy                               11

2.6 Review of phytoremediation                                                                                  12

2.7 Remediation techniques                                                                                        13

2.7.1 Phytovolatilization                                                                                             14

2.7.2 Rhizofiltration                                                                                        14

2.7.3 Phytoextraction                                                                                                 15

2.7.4 Phytostabilization                                                                                              15

2.7.5 Phytodegradation                                                                                              16

2.8 Application of plants for phytoremediation                                                         17

2.9 Safety measures in phytoremediation process                                                               18


CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Study area                                                                                                            20

3.2 Experimental design                                                                                             20

3.3 Collection of soil samples                                                                                     20

3.4 Collection of plant samples                                                                                   21

3.5 Collection of waste engine oil                                                                                21

3.6 Soil treatment                                                                                                       21

 3.7 Anatomical Studies                                                                                               22

3.8 Epidermal Peels                                                                                                    22

3.9 Photomicrography                                                                                                23


CHAPTER 4

RESULTS                 24                                                                                                                       CHAPTER 5 

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                             36

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                             37

5.3 Recommendation `                                                                                               38

 




List of Figures

Fig.1  Digiteria horizontalis                           7

Fig.2 Setaria barbata                      9                                                                                                                  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF PLATES

 

Plate 1:  Plate 1: T/S of the leaf of Digitaria horizontalis grown on 0%, 2%, 4%,7% and 10% waste engine oil contaminated soil      25

Plate 2: T/S of stem of Digitaria horizontalis grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil contaminated soil.                              27

Plate 3: T/S of the root of Digitaria horizontalis grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil contaminated soil.  28

Plate 4: T/S of the leaf of Setaria barbata grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10%  waste engine oil contaminated soil.                                    31

Plate 5: T/S of stem of Setaria barbata grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil contaminated soil.                                       33

Plate 6: T/S of the root of Setaria barbata grown on 0%, 2%, 4%, 7% and 10% waste engine oil contaminated soil.                                    35

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background Information

Environmental pollution with petroleum products such as crude oil, waste engine oil, grease has been recognized as one of the most serious current problems especially when associated with accidental spills on large scale (Mandri and Lin, 2007). The disposal of spent engine oil into gutters, water drains, open vacant plots and farms is a common practice in Nigeria especially by motor mechanics (Anoliefo and Vivioko, 2001). This oil also called spent lubricant or waste engine oil is usually obtained after servicing and subsequently draining from automobile and generator engines (Anoliefo and Vivioko, 2001) and much of this oil is poured into the soil. Disposal of oil based wastes, oil spills from well blow outs and pipeline ruptures are the most common source of petroleum contamination (Rees, 1996). Petroleum hydrocarbons found in the environment usually originate from crude oil distillates like gasoline, lubricating oils and other petroleum products used by humans for a variety of activities like fueling vehicles, natural gas, motor oil has resulted in increased consumption of petroleum products resulting in increased contamination of site with petroleum and petroleum by-products (Baman, 1991). The agricultural lands in the area have become less productive (Dabbs, 1996) and the creeks and fishing water have become more or less dead (Okpokwasile and Odokuma, 1990). Oil pollution in whatever form is toxic to plants and soil micro-organism (Adenipekun and Kassim, 2003; Adedokun, 2007). These petroleum hydrocarbons adversely affect the germination and growth of plants in the soil. (Samina and Adam, 2002). Oil spill affect plants by creating conditions which make essential nutrients like nitrogen and oxygen needed for plant growth unavailable to them (Adam and Duncan, 2002). The removal of these pollutants from the areas where they are found is necessary to curb its aggravation. Remediation methods can be physical, chemical or biological (Sarker et al., 2005). Ikhajiagbe (2010), reported that the most practice of bioremediation relies on the soil’s inherent microbial population, microbial activity and processes. Although, other biological methods may include the sole use of plant in remediation (phytoremediation). Anoliefo and Ikhajiagbe (2011) reported that phytoremediative capabilities of plants in oil-polluted soil are better enhanced by their symbolic interactions with rhizospheric micro-organism.

The spent engine oil gets to the environment due to discharge by motor and generator mechanics (Odjegba and Sadiq, 2002) and from the exhaust system used and due to engine leaks (Anoliefo and Edegai, 2000; Osubor and Anoliefo, 2003). The contamination of the natural environment by petroleum-derived substances contributes to the degradation of land (Sztompka, 1999). Growth of Amaranthus hybridus were significantly affected in spent engine oil polluted soil (Odjegba and Idowu, 2002). Agbogidi and Nweke (2005) and Agbogidi et al., (2006) showed that crude oil application to soil significantly reduced crop growth and in Okra and five cultivars of Soy beans respectively. Daniel-Kalio and Pepple (2006) reported a significant higher means plant height, leaf area and dry weight of Comelina begalensis (day flower) at 0 mg g-1 oil pollution than at 50 mg g-1 pollution level. Further still, Ibmesin (2010) reported that vegetative cutting of Paspalum (Sour grass) grew well in absence of oil and salinity and that 75% of the test plants survived in low oiling but heavy oiling resulted in mortality. The most important and common symptoms observed in the plants contaminated with oil and its by-products include the degradation of chlorophyll (Malallah et al, 1998), alterations in the stomata mechanisms and reduction in photosynthesis and respiration (Baker, 1970), increase in the production of stress-related phytohormones (Larcher, 2000), accumulation of toxic substances or their by-products in vegetal tissue (Baker, 1970), decrease in size and less production of biomass (Brandt et al., 2006; Daniel-Kalio and Pepple, 2006; Adenipekun et al, 2008). Anoliefo and Edegbai, 2000, Anoliefo and Vwioko, 2001; Agbogidi, 2011a; Atuanya, 1987; Odjeba and Sadiq, 2002, Agbogidi and Ejemeta, 2005, Agbogidi, 2010; Adam et al, 2003, Clark 2003, worked extensively on the effects of spent engine oil on plants.

1.2      Justification of the study

The harmfulness of petroleum products such as crude oil, waste engine oil, lubricating oil and other petroleum products cannot be over emphasized. Soil pollution by crude oil and petroleum products such as fuel oil, waste engine oil and diesel fuels are presently a menace in Nigeria, particularly in big cities. Oil pollution in whatever form is toxic to plants and soil micro-organisms. Oils spills, waste engine oil and other products from petroleum affects plants by creating conditions which make essential nutrients like nitrogen and oxygen needed for plant growth unavailable to them. The role of grasses and legumes in replenishing lost soil nutrients and in phytoremediation of waste engine oil polluted soil is a new area of study with a lot of potentials, since phytoremediation has been described as cheaper and better (eco-friendly) unlike the costly physical and chemical methods of reducing the toxic effects of heavy metals in the soil. The choice of these plants in this study is to a large extent due to availability of the plants and their propagule in this part of the country where waste engine oil is of common occurrence. This study will be a contribution to the green technology of phytoremediation and the result of this research project will serve as a reference point to environmentalist and other scientist who undertake research on soil pollution.


1.3           Objective of the study

The objective of this study is;

1.  To investigate the possible anatomical changes that occurred in Digitaria horizontalis and Setaria barbata as a result of waste engine oil contaminated soil.

 

 

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