ABSTRACT
This study examined the influence of
attitude on family planning among the health workers and market women in
Ikosi/Iheri Local Government Area of Lagos State. The objectives of this
research were to find out the influence of family size, socio-economic status
of families, marital status and religion on the health care users and market
women attitude towards family planning. Four research questions and research hypotheses
were stated for the study, the research design was survey in nature. The total
number of 90 women of child bearing age were selected using the simple random
method. The t-test of significance was employed to test the null hypotheses
stated for the study. the of this research include the study revealed that family size will significantly
influence health care users’ attitude towards family planning. It also revealed
that family socio-economic status will significantly influence couples attitude
towards family planning. The study further revealed that marital status will
significantly influence couples attitude towards family planning. The study
further revealed that religion will not significantly influence couples towards
family planning. Recommendations were made on the basis of the findings of this
study which include: Education:
The government should make it as an educational policy to incorporate sex
education and family planning in the post primary school curriculum. Enlightenment:
The State and Local Governments should mount intensive enlightenment campaigns
on the concept of family planning and its merits. This campaign should take the
form of seminars, workshop and symposia. Establishment of Family Planning
Clinics: The Government and voluntary organisations should establish family
planning clinics in urban and rural areas. They could render such services as
advice to couples, processes involved in the practice of family planning, use
of contraceptives and other methods of birth control, mobile clinics should be
provided also to carry the campaigns to rural areas where family planning
clinics do not exist, contraceptives and other control measures and services
relating to family planning should be made relatively cheap to enhance
acceptance of family planning by people who need it and men should be
encouraged to join the women to attend family planning programme and practices
as family planning is for both men and women.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of Study 1
Statement of the Problem 4
Purpose of Study 4
Research Questions 4
Hypotheses 5
Significance of the Study 5
Limitation of the Study 6
Delimitation 6
Operational Definitions of key Terms 6
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
Concept of Family Planning 8
Historical Perspective of Family Planning 9
Anatomy of the Reproductive System – Male and Female 10
The Need for Family Planning 12
Methods of Family Planning 15
Health Implications of Family Planning 17
The Roles of Family Planning Service Provider 38
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Research Design 40
Population of the
Study 40
Sample and Sampling
Technique 41
Research Instrument 41
Validity 41
Reliability 41
Procedure for Data
Collection 41
Procedure for Data
Analysis 42
Pilot Study
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Data Presentation 43
Analysis of Respondents Bio-Data 43
Discussion 54
CHAPTER
FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Study 57
Conclusion 58
Recommendations 59
References 61
Appendix 64
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
Modern
family planning helps women to avoid unwanted pregnancies, illegal abortions
and child bearing that will threaten their own personal health and that of the
children (Ogunbayo, 2007). Family planning involves two concepts –
contraceptive use and family planning services which is used by couples to
bring about healthy sexual relationships among them without fears of unwanted
pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (Duzo & Mohammed, 2011).
Family
planning is the planning of when to have and use birth techniques to implement
such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexual education, prevention
and management of sexually transmitted diseases, pre-conception counseling,
management and infertility management (Derose, Mohammed, Helman
Moronkola & Blumenthal (2010). However,
family planning is usually used as a synonym for the use of birth control. It
is most adopted by couples who wish to limit the number of children they want
to have and control the timing of pregnancy, also known as spacing of children
(Derose et al., 2005). Family planning may encompass sterilization, as well as
pregnancy termination. It also includes raising a child with methods that
require significant amount of resources namely: time, social, financial and
environmental. Family planning measures are designed to regulate the number and
spacing of children within a family, largely to curb population growth and
ensure each family has access to limited resources (Olaitan, 20012).
The first
attempt to offer family planning services began with private groups and often
aroused strong opposition. Activists, such as Margaret Sanger in the U.S.,
Marie Stopes in England and Dhanvanthis Rama Rou in India, eventually succeeded
in establishing clinics for family planning and health care. Many countries
have established national policies and encouraged the use of public family
services (World Health Organization, 2010.).
The concept of informed choice in family
planning can be applied to a wide range of sexual and reproductive health
decisions. It focuses on whether to seek, to avoid pregnancy, whether to space
and time one’s childbearing, whether to use contraception, what family methods
to be used, and whether or when to continue or switch methods. The term family
planning choice could also refer to the family decision making; the principles
of informed choice focus on the individual; however, it also influences a range
of outside factors such as: social, economic and cultural norms, gender roles,
social networks, religious and local beliefs. Limited Awareness and Knowledge
as a barrier in a variety of cultures with low resource settings, lack of
awareness and knowledge has been cited as a significant barrier in the uptake
of family planning among couple. Health Belief Model (HBM) is one theoretical framework
that has been widely used to understand why an individual chooses to
participate in a health-promoting behavior, such as family planning services.
There is a need for solid awareness with regards to individual, social and
wider contextual determinants of relevant health outcomes. Justification for
proposed family planning interventions should be grounded in knowledge about
the benefit and gains of practicing it.
Harlap, (2011)
described family planning as the arrangement, spacing and initiation of
children in a family based upon the wishes and social circumstances of the
parents. It could also mean the spacing of birth so as to achieve maximum
health and comfort for mother, child, and the entire family. N.P.C. (2011)
identified family planning methods to include: total abstinence, withdrawal,
methods e.g. Condom, or
Diaphragm, Spermicides, Injectables, Oral Contraceptives, Implant,
Intra-Uterine contraceptive device (IUCD), sterilization and Billings method or
natural family planning methods.
Individuals
are expected to choose any of the enumerated family planning methods depending
on the availability of device, facility for medical care, age of applicant,
size and body make up. Occasionally individuals pay for family planning care.
The
implementation of family planning has been influenced by some factors and
Nigeria is not an exception. In Nigeria for example, over 70% of her population
live in the rural areas or are peasant communities and one of the
characteristics of rural people is that they have limited access to correct
information and they find it difficult to accept changes based on ignorance and
sometimes fear of the unknown hence family planning though fully embraced by
the people.
Various
factors have been identified that can influence the choice of family planning method and these include:
Literacy level, socio-economic status of family, availability of family
planning service, family size and available medical care.
Efforts have
been made by Health professionals to educate mothers and spouses on types and
choice of family planning methods through workshops, awareness campaign, health
talks and seminars on family planning strategies mounted across the nation.
Education programmes on these population control strategies are aimed at the prevention
of post abortion complications and promotion of safe motherhood.
Statement of the Problem
Despite
various efforts made by health care providers to provide safe family planning
and population control methods in the community, there is an observed apathy,
poor patronage, non-acceptability of the practice which has led to series of
pregnancy related problems such as: unwanted pregnancies, abortions, post
abortion complications and deaths resulting from the use of unscientific and
crude family planning practices.
Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study is to investigate into the attitudes of family
planning among Health care users and market women
Research Questions
The following
research questions will be formulated and answered in this study:
1. Will family size influence attitude of
health care users towards family planning?
2. Will socio-economic status of a family
influence couples attitude towards family planning?
3. Will
marital status influence the attitude of couples towards family planning?
4. Will religion influence the attitude
of couples towards family planning?
Hypotheses
The
following research hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 alpha level of
significance:
1. Family size will not significantly influence health
care users’ attitude towards family planning.
2. Family socio-economic status will not
significantly influence couples attitude towards family planning.
3. Marital status will not significantly
influence couples attitude towards family planning.
4. Religion will not significantly influence
couples towards family planning.
Significance of the Study
The findings
of this study were useful to the following organizations which include:
§
Mothers
of child bearing ages and spouses for the control of family size and
improvement of maternal health.
§
Family
planning practitioners especially in market women, to ensure part proper
utilization of services.
§
The
study were immense benefits to health care users and medical centres.
§
The
findings may also provide an insight into how family planning programmes can be
adequately provided and managed among market women in Nigeria.
Limitation of the Study
The limitations to this study include
reluctance of some participants to supply, the observed limitation during this study include the
personal information, caused unusual delay.
However the participants were assured of confidentiality by researcher hence
they were able to participate in the research.
Delimitation
The research was delimited to
three small communities namely; Ikosi/Isheri, Ketu and Oworoshoki in kosofe
local government area in Lagos State. Thirty (30) respondents were participated
from each Local Government Area thereby making up the sample size to be ninety
(90).
Operational
Definitions of key Terms
Attitude: This is a tendency to hold certain beliefs
about and to feel in certain ways towards persons, object or ideas.
Family: Family is a group of people held together
by birth, marriage, or adoption or by common residence or close emotional
attachment.
Family
Planning: This is the
arrangement, spacing and limitation of children in a family, depending upon the
wishes and social circumstances of the parents. Family planning is the planning
of when to have and use birth techniques to implement such plans.
Health: A state of physical, mental, social and
emotional well-being of an individual.
Educator: An individual
that facilitates the acquisition of knowledge.
Contraceptive: An agent used to prevent
conception.
Vagina: This
is the canal lined with mucous membrane which leads from the vulva to cervix
uteri.
Conception: The
act of becoming pregnant by the fertilization of an ovum.
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