AN ASSESSMENT OF MASS MEDIA AVAILABILITY AND LEVEL OF USAGE IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING

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ABSTRACT

This research was carried out to assess mass media availability and level of usage in the teaching and learning of Government in Lagos State schools. The research design for this study was descriptive survey and it employed the used of two questionnaires: Teachers Questionnaire on Availability and Level of Usage of Mass Media (TQALMM) and Students’ Questionnaire on Availability and Level of Usage of Mass Media (SQALMM)  to collect data from a population sample of five teachers and seventy-five students, making a total of eighty respondents. Ten  research questions were raised for the purpose of this study while four hypotheses were stated and tested in the study using t-test. The following findings emerged from the study: there was a significant relationship between the availability and level of usage of mass media in teaching and learning Government as a subject. However, there was a significant difference among teachers in their perception of the challenges faced in using mass media to teach Government as a subject. There was also a significant difference in the perception of students about challenges faced in learning Government. It was also discovered that there was an over reliance on the print media especially the use of the textbook in  teaching and learning Government to the detriment of other types of mass media especially the electronic media in which the radio was unavailable for teaching and learning Government. Some Government textbooks were outdated and did not reflect current trends like the digital media. The following recommendations were made to improve the use of mass media in teaching and learning Government: school authorities should take advantage of the radio and work closely with radio stations to develop programmes for teaching and learning government in schools. School authorities should also ensure that their teachers and students are computer literate and can assess the internet and social networks for fruitful academic endeavours. A monitoring check up system can also be set up e.g blocking non academic sites on the internet, selecting social networks that can suit academic pursuits etc. There should also be an ICT department in every school to help teachers and students alike to make the best use of ICT equipment. The government should subsidize internet subscriptions to schools and even provide hardware equipment to schools that cannot afford it. More corporate organizations should be encouraged to establish ICT labs in schools as a social responsibility.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                                                          i                                                                                                               

Certification                                                                                                                 ii

Dedication                                                                                                                   iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                      iv

Abstract                                                                                                                      v     

Table of content                                                                                                          vi

 

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of study                                                                                             1

1.2Statement of problem                                                                                            3

1.3Purpose of study                                                                                                    5

1.4Research questions                                                                                                 6

1.5Research hypotheses                                                                                              7

1.6Significance of study                                                                                             7

1.7Scope of study                                                                                                       7

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of concept                                                                                            8

2.2 Appraisal of related literature                                                                               29

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research design                                                                                                    31

3.2 Population of  study                                                                                             31

3.3 Sample and sampling technique                                                                            31

3.4 Research instrument                                                                                              32

3.5 Validity of research instrument                                                                            32

3.6 Method of data collection                                                                                    33

3.7 Method of data analysis                                                                                       33

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.1 presentation and analysis  of  data                                                                        34

4.2 Test of hypotheses                                                                                                            58

4.3 Discussion of findings                                                                                          60

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1Introduction                                                                                                           62

5.2Summary of findings                                                                                             62

5.3Conclusion                                                                                                             64

5.4Recommendation                                                                                                   64

5.5 Recommendation for further research                                                                  65

References                                                                                                                  66

Appendix I                                                                                                                  69

Appendix II                                                                                                                74


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

According to Wikipedia, education is the process of facilitating learning or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits. According to John Dewey (1916), it is a social process –a process of living and not a preparation for future living. Education is from three Latin words:

1.                  educatum meaning the act of teaching or training

2.                  educare meaning to bring up or to raise.

3.                  educere meaning to lead forth or to come out

Education is the nourishing of the good qualities in man and the drawing out of the best in every individual .Education is often confused with schooling famously called banking by Paulo Freire (1973) i.e to make deposits of knowledge on learners like objects acted on rather than individuals to be related to. Individuals should be given time to discover truth and possibility. Education means to develop a person morally (affective), physically (psychomotor) and mentally (cognitive). It is the foundation of the society and the best investment for the people. The main purpose of education is to prepare and qualify people for work in the society and to socialize them, preparing the young for adulthood. Education enables a person to understand his/her cultural identity. Education provides a forum to evaluate and find solutions to problems in a society. Education teaches learners to maintain social order. Education and mass media have overtime enjoyed a sweet-sour relationship. On the one hand, TV and newspapers have provided extensive useful education content, and acted as watchdog of public activities; however,  its role has been compromised these days by the battl e for survival in the media industry. Education experts look up to the media to do more than act as a watchdog, and help to build an efficient education system by bridging the communication gap between the government and educational policy makers. The media plays a significant role in the design , manipulation and sustenance of international diplomacy and body politics. For the adolescent, the media has become a socializing agent. Adolescence is a time of self identification. Therefore, family influences decreases while peer influence increases. Media is the means and channel through which information and news reach individuals that constitute the local national, regional, Continental and or international, audience. In recent times, media has become a political tool of the dominant paradigm in the national, continental and international politics. In Africa, and nearly most other third world countries, national governments use the potential of media information and language to manipulate the masses and influence public opinion. The media is used to maintain and retain the status quo. But with media power, all those who have vested interests in its control make the ordinary citizen a mere puppet. Subjective reporting is the selection of content and media coverage for some diplomatic and political motive. Through subjective reporting, global media initiates, instigates, fuel and aggravates crises and conflicts that later degenerates into terrorism (trans-national and international). According to social responsibility media theory, duties of the media include:

1.      To serve the political system by making information, discussion, consideration of public affairs generally accessible.

2.      To inform the public to enable it to take self determined actions.

3.      To protect the rights of the individual by acting as a watchdog over government.

However, there are harmful effects of mass media. Firstly, teachers only use media to get attention to the subject matter, to reward good behavior, and to keep kids quiet and under control. Media content can sensationalise violent behavior, exposure to subtle or explicit sexual content, promotion of poor health habits and exposure to advertising targeting children. Moreover, majority of programmes for children and youth in developing countries are imported. Unfortunately, most of the content contain character messages that are not relevant to local culture. Youth programming has reduced in face of funding cuts and growing competition from private channels. As rich in content as the television is in instructional, education programming and news reportage, students and teachers are not abreast of socio-political issues. This is because TV news reportage and programming are beyond students’ comprehension on how to extract and analyse information. TV programming and news reportage are politically inclined and biased. Major TV networks in Nigeria chase for airtime. Money dictates what is shown on Nigerian TV screens. This ultimately means that people who have the funds e.g the government, rich politicians, private investors, multicorporations etc determine what is broadcast on TV. Corporations and private investors are profit oriented and will push any media content that will reach their target audience to make enough profit while the government and politicians are after promoting good image through propaganda especially during the electoral process. Therefore teachers and students are left with media content devoid of socio-political significance or tainted with cheap propaganda. Media content have generally been commercialized.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The challenges of availability of media are enormous: propaganda and brown envelope journalism, foreign nature of media conten, the bombardment of advertisement, reluctance to encourage youth programmes, regional and sectional interests, power outage, accessibility of the internet and inadequate ICT equipment. The cost of airing T.V programmes is very high so producers sacrifice educational programmes for entertainment which is readily sponsored by corporate bodies because it is profitable. The radio appeals to different audiences and ethnic, religious differences (segmentation). This makes its usage very selective as students might find it difficult to tune to a station for information. Internet penetration in Nigeria is very high now and its subscription too. Students might not be able to afford subscription fee and might not have access to ICT equipment e.g laptops, personal computers, phones, hand-held devices etc to download E-books. The digital divide between teachers and students is quite alarming. Most teachers do not possess the knowledge of handling ICT equipment and find it difficult to keep abreast with current trends. This affects their level of usage and they retort back to old media for information instead of complementing both sources of information.

The shelf life of newspapers is very low and this causes both students and teachers to assess magazines because of its attractiveness and shelf life. The challenges of using the media include poor reading skills.Due to technological development, reading habits are changing. Students now lack the skill of reading. Instead they spend more hours on electronic media. The acquisition of reading skills have a beneficial effect on all school subjects including social science, math and so on. Unfortunately, reading is not taught or included in school curriculum. Only a few schools have good libraries while majority have limited dog-eared books locked up in few cupboards. There is unprecedented rise in the price of books while DVDS are becoming more affordable. The vast information of the world’s information is not digitized. Rather, it is in print form mostly in books. Aina (2011).Children with poor reading habits have a higher chance of anti social behaviour. Today’s populace between the age bracket 18-34 are increasingly using the web as their medium of choice for news consumption. Local TV remains the most accessed source of the news and the internet is quickly becoming the most favourite of young consumers. About 44% of these age bracket use the internet for news and about 19% use the printed newspapers. Moral degeneration and decadence, gross obsession and abuse of social networking, inadequate knowledge  by teachers  are other challenges of using the media.Unfortunately, the endemic power outages in the country pose  a limiting factor to the extent to which the radio can be used to effectively broadcast educational programmes. The problem associated with the television is whether a separate channel will be assigned educational programmes or to establish separate TV houses for the purposes of education. There is also the problem of incessant power outages. The influence of electronic media in educating students is not socially progressive. It has resulted to frustration on the part of many teachers who do not have inadequate knowledge of electronic media technologies like computer internet, education software etc. Also it is time consuming and skill demanding for teachers . Users of electronic media, for example, students can be vunerable to unintended misuses of electronic media e.g social media. Social networks grab the total attention and concentration of the students and diverts them towards non educational, unethical, and inappropriate actions such as useless chatting, time killing by random searching and not doing their jobs. Inadequate infrastructure, including computer hardware, software, bandwidth, are major challenges in using the digital media.  Agbamuche, (2015).

1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to:

1.      find out the  availability of mass media to Government teachers  in secondary schools.

2.      determine the  availability of mass media to Government  students in secondary schools.

3.      assess the challenges in the availability of  mass media to Government teachers in secondary schools.

4.      assess the challenges in the availability of  mass media to Government students in secondary schools.

5.      evaluate  the  level of  usage of mass media by Government teachers  in secondary schools.

6.      assess the  level of  usage of mass media by Government students  in secondary schools.

7.      analyse the challenges  of using mass media by Government teachers  in secondary schools.

8.      assess the challenges  of using mass media by Government students in secondary schools.

9.      appraise the availability of mass media in teaching and learning Government in secondary schools.

10.  appraise the level of usage of mass media  in teaching and learning Government in secondary schools.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.      To  what extent is mass media available to Government teachers  in secondary schools?

2.      To  what extent is mass media available to Government teachers  in secondary schools?

3.      What are the factors that affect the availability of mass media to Government teachers in secondary schools?

4.      What are the factors that affect the availability of mass media to Government students in secondary schools?

5.      How often do Government teachers use the mass media?

6.      How often do Government students use the mass media?

7.      What are the challenges encountered by Government teachers in using the mass media?

8.      What are the challenges encountered by Government students in using the mass media?

9.      What is the most preferred mass medium used by Government teachers in secondary schools?

10.  What is the most preferred mass medium used by government students in secondary schools

 

1.5 NULL HYPOTHESIS

1.      There is no significant relationship between the availability and level of usage of mass media in teaching Government as a subject.

2.      There is no significant relationship between the availability and level of usage of mass media in learning Government as a subject.

3.      There is no significant difference in the perception of teachers about challenges using the media

4.      There is no significant difference in the perception of students  about challenges using the media

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study will help Government teachers and students to avail  themselves to the best  practices and the most effective usage of mass media  in order to reduce the negative  influences  of the media that hinders fruitful academic learning. This study will also help to  create awareness on the best form of mass media effective for teaching and learning the subject.


1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

This study is an assessment of mass media availability and level of usage in the teaching and learning of Government in Lagos state schools. However, the scope of this study will be limited to Government teachers and students in Pedro, Shomolu Local Government, Lagos State.


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    ABSTRACT This study analyzed the effects of labour turnover on productivity in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 7up Bottling Company Plc, Aba, Nigeria. Specifically, the study determined the effect of workers retention (pay and allowance) on quantity of sales in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 7up Bottling Company Plc Aba; determined the effect of training of workers on profit in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc, and 7up Bottling Company Plc Aba; investigated the effect of promotion on output in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc, and 7up Bottling Company Plc, Aba; and determined the effect of skills of workers on customers satisfaction in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc, and 7up Bottling Company Plc, Aba. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. The secondary data covered between 2010 and 2019. A total of 345 respondents consisting of 190 respondents from Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 155 respondents from 7up Bottling Company Plc were used for the study after retrieving the questionnaire. Also, a total of 345 customers consisting of 190 customers that patronizes the Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 155 customers that patronizes the 7up Bottling Company Plc were used for the study. Data obtained were analyzed using simple regression technique and mean score. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r) and simple regression were used to test the various formulated hypotheses for the study. Findings shows that retention (pay and allowance) of workers has significant positive effect on quantity of sales in both Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 7up Bottling Company Plc, Aba. Training of workers have significant positive effect on profit in both Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 7up Bottling Company Plc, Aba. Promotion of workers have significant positive effect on output in both Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 7up Bottling Company Plc, Aba. Skills of workers have significant positive effect on customers’ satisfaction in both Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 7up Bottling Company Plc, Aba. The study recommends that efforts aimed at tackling labour turnover in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 7up Bottling Company Plc should focus more on developing the proficiency of workers through a need-identified training. Prompt promotion of workers and the use of other compensation incentives that should increase the willingness of employees to remain at work is strongly advocated. Many bottling industries such as the Nigerian Bottling Company Plc and 7up Bottling Company Plc, Aba require a formidable workforce to have a competitive edge amidst her competitors. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY In today's global environment, each business must have a strong labour turnover avoidance policy in place to guarantee that the finest minds and well-experienced employees contributing to the organization's overall growth and development are kept. Employer turnover should be reduced as a result of this. This is because labour turnover is one element that may impact employee retention, organizational profit, production, and customer satisfaction with the organization's products and services in a positive or negative way. The sort of labour turnover prevention program that will encourage employees to perform well will be determined by how well it meets their needs for status, job security, and survival, as defined by Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1943 and 1954). Managerial and supervisory turnover has long been a key human relations issue, and its importance in any particular company cannot be overstated. Almost all employers of labour confront a big problem with labour turnover nowadays, all around the world (Barmase and Shukla, 2013). This is due to the fact that it creates a significant financial strain on businesses and has a negative impact on productivity. Labour turnover is a serious workplace problem that cannot be overlooked by any meaningful and target driven organisation. Organizations all around the globe must endeavor to regulate and reduce labour turnover since it has both economic and psychological implications on production. In terms of psychological consequences, labour turnover has been associated with a number of negative job attributes such as low level of job satisfaction, low esteem for promotion opportunities, mental stress on the part of management on how best to sort and replace exited experienced workers etc. As a result, when a person departs abruptly, it throws the entire organization's production strategy into disarray. This might have a significant impact on the organization's production and, as a result, its effectiveness. If the company provides a service, employee turnover may have an impact on the quality and/or quantity of service provided, especially if one person's output is the input of another (Blau, 2014). Hill and Twist (2015) define labor turnover as withdrawal behaviors that lead psychologists to believe that it is the result of unfavorable workplace attitudes affected by factors such as income, job security, recognition and appreciation, working hours, and physical conditions, among others. There are also psychological withdrawal behaviors such as a lack of creativity or putting in little effort on a work, which frequently show as laziness and an unwillingness to think and enhance creativity (Pinder, 2018). There is also an attempt to comprehend managerial turnover and determine why employees leave their jobs. Carbery, Garavan, Brien, and McDomel (2013) believe that, all other things being equal, management turnover is likely to be lower than operational turnover, which might be due to the fact that they are more devoted and have a stake in the company. Labour turnover also has the effect of impeding the attainment of larger corporate objectives since it necessitates a significant investment in training, induction, growth, and skills development to replace personnel who leave the company. Controlling labour turnover, on the other hand, is critical for businesses and must be handled well due to the impact it has on organizational productivity (Adewole, 2017). In Nigeria, the issue of labour turnover cannot be neglected by many firms operating in the country. This is because ineffective labour turnover management in any Nigerian organization would have a significant negative impact on not just that organization's performance and output, but also on the economy as a whole. For example, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Nigeria experienced a turning point in her history when Nigerian universities lost a slew of well-trained teachers in what became known as the "Brain-drain." Perhaps the situation that occurred in our universities had an impact on some businesses, such as the Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and the 7up Bottling Company Plc., where some of these academics serve as consultants. Terrible pay rates, a lack of advancement, a lack of sufficient training of trained and competent labour force, and a poor work environment may have all contributed to such a choice to quit a company (Adewole, 2017). This is likely to have an impact on the manufacturing line in terms of profit maximization. The situation hasn't altered much since then, and many businesses are calculating their losses (Orji, 2018). According to a Mercer report on the total financial impact of employee turnover, the cost of labour turnover is sometimes misunderstood, seen as incalculable, or disregarded as a minor expense, yet the total cost of labour turnover is considerable, accounting for 36 percent of payroll. The actual cost of employing someone to cover absentee employees is a significant but frequently ignored expense. In Nigeria bottling firm and 7up Bottling Company Plc. Aba, Nigeria, this is a typical practice in enterprises that leads to a certain level of turnover and its probable impacts on productivity. Organizational Productivity is defined as an organization's, institution's, or business's ability to achieve desired outcomes with the least amount of energy, time, money, staff, material, and so on. It is a measure of an organization's ability to meet its output targets via the use of its labour, authority strategies, machinery, equipment, and assets (Adewole, 2017). Productivity increase is crucial for organizations since delivering more goods and services to customers equates to better profitability. As productivity rises, an organization's resources may be converted into revenues, allowing it to pay stakeholders while reserving cash flows for future development and expansion. With increased productivity, an economy may create and consume more products and services for the same amount of effort. Individuals (workers and customers), company executives, and analysts all value productivity (such as policymakers and government statisticians). Labour turnover is inextricably linked to an organization's productivity and is frequently a sign of other issues confronting both the organization and its personnel. A variety of strategies have been proposed by management scholars in order to overcome high rates of labour turnover among employees and enhance employee retention. According to Ibrahim, Usman, and Bagudu (2013), employees who resigned their employment did so due to bad working circumstances that required them to execute their tasks. Poor working circumstances owing to physical factors may result in reduced productivity and general job unhappiness. Nigerian bottling firms, such as Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) and 7up Bottling Company Plc. (7UP), are not immune to the effects of high labor turnover. The capacity of these businesses to fulfill rising demand for their goods and services is heavily reliant on the efficiency of their skilled employees, who assure optimal production, sales, and profit margins. Labour turnover, particularly among experienced employees, is a major and continuous issue that employers of labor in these organizations are concerned about. This is due to the high expense of finding a substitute for such high quality, which is sometimes difficult to come by. Most new employees are more prone to accidents since there are more breakages and they make more mistakes than experienced workers, resulting in the expense of replacing a man exceeding the recruiting projections by a significant margin (Stessin, 2011). When a company's labor turnover is a problem, management must identify the root reasons, monitor the turnover rate, calculate the cost of turnover, and solve the issue. Given the reality of unemployment and economic hardship in Nigeria, knowing the impact of labor turnover on productivity at Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) and 7up Bottling Company Plc. is crucial. Such knowledge will aid these businesses in developing effective labor turnover prevention plans that will allow them to function sustainably and adequately satisfy consumer needs as well as corporate objectives. As a result, the purpose of this study was to examine in depth how labor turnover management affects organizational productivity of Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) and 7up Bottling Company Plc in Aba, Nigeria. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Despite the fact that there appear to be no permanent solutions, attempts have been made to reduce the problem of labour turnover. Many individuals have left their jobs due to factors such as professional progress, more promising positions, and external incentives such as higher pay scales, promotion in other companies, and pleasant working circumstances. High labour turnover can have a negative influence on a company's production. However, because of the restricted resources available for staff recruiting, the negative impacts on firms might be extremely severe. Employees who are happy in their jobs are less likely to leave. High employee turnover is typically a sign of a longer-term issue, such as a lack of improved pay structures, training or career opportunities, or promotion, to name a few. Workers who are dissatisfied with their occupations are inclined to depart (Mobly, 2017). Mobly (2017) goes on to say that being dissatisfied with a job isn't the only reason why individuals switch jobs; it may also be because the talents and competencies they possess are in high demand. They may be enticed to leave for greater salary, perks, or career advancement opportunities. Because enterprises have little influence over what happens in other firms, they may take efforts to boost employee morale in the workplace, making people who work for them happy and productive. For companies like Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7up Bottling Company Plc., employee turnover is a major issue. The high rate of labor turnover in bottling businesses, which has risen to about 15% in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. in 2019 (NBC, 2019) and 22% in 7up Bottling Company Plc. in 2019 (NBC, 2019), is one of the issues that inspired this study (7up, 2019). It is important to remember that a high labour turnover rate reduces an organization's revenue and profitability through lowering productivity. Another issue is that labour turnover increases hiring costs and training expenses, which is especially problematic in organizations that need to replace individuals with specialized skills and a high educational level to fill complicated job responsibilities. Recruiting new employees to replace those who have left the company might be a positive start in the right direction. However, their ability to match the unique abilities necessary for complicated activities previously performed by top executives, as well as highly paid vocations, is subject to cost impacts, making their replacement extremely challenging for the organization. This is likely to have a noticeable impact on the productivity of the company. This is not to suggest that every employee who leaves a company is dissatisfied with their work. Some people will retire, leave town, or abandon their jobs due to family obligations, a desire to change careers, or even the urge to start their own business (Kiunsi,2014). In terms of labour turnover management, there is a knowledge vacuum and a point of departure for prior studies on labour turnover and organizational productivity. There is a knowledge gap in understanding the effect of worker retention (pay and allowance) on sales quantity, the effect of worker training on profit, the effect of promotion on output and effect of workers skills on customers satisfaction in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7up Bottling Company Plc. Aba. Against this backdrop, this research work investigates labour turnover management and organisational productivity of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7up Bottling Company Plc in Aba, Nigeria. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The major aim of this study is to analyze the effects of labour turnover on productivity in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc., Aba, Abia state, Nigeria. Specifically, the study sought to examine the following objectives: (1) determine the effect of workers retention (pay and allowance) on sales quantity in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7up Bottling Company Plc. Aba; (2) determine the effect of workers training on profit in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc. Aba; (3) investigate the effect of promotion on output in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc., Aba; (4) determine the effect of workers skills on customers’ satisfaction in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc., Aba. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Based on the specific objectives, the following research questions were raised. 1) What effect has workers’ retention (pay and allowance) on sales quantity in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7up Bottling Company Plc. Aba? 2) What effect has workers training on profit in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc. Aba? 3) What effect has promotion of workers on output in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc., Aba? 4) What effect has workers skills on customers satisfaction in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc., Aba? 1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES From the above research questions, the following null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. H01: There is no significant effect of workers’ retention (pay and allowance) on sales quantity in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7up Bottling Company Plc. Aba. H02: There is no significant effect of workers training on profit in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc. Aba. H03: Promotion of workers does not significantly correlate with output in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc., Aba, Nigeria. H04: Workers skills have no significant effect on customers’ satisfaction in Nigerian Bottling Company Plc., and 7up Bottling Company Plc., Aba, Nigeria. 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The significance of this study is divided into empirical and theoretical significance. Empirical significance: This research will serve as a resource for all organizational management, particularly the management and employees of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7Up Bottling Company Plc. in Aba, Nigeria, in understanding labour turnover management and organizational productivity. The research will assist both commercial and public organizations, including the government, in limiting their human resource capabilities by implementing methods to minimize labour turnover through worker retention, training, rapid promotion, and skill development. It would give important information to Nigerian businesses' management and staff on employee retention and limiting the negative influence of labour turnover on organizational productivity. Theoretical significance: This study has contributed to the current body of information on labour turnover and organizational productivity. This study will be useful to scholars and postgraduate students in the Departments of Industrial Relations and Personnel Management, Business Administration, and Entrepreneurship because it will serve as a reference material for future researchers on the effects of labour turnover on organizational productivity. It may also pique the interest of other academies in conducting more study on the reasons and constraints of labour turnover in a company. The study will also help the Nigerian public and people in other disciplines understand the impact of labour turnover on the productivity of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7Up Bottling Company Plc., Aba. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study is divided into unit scope, content scope, and geographical scope. Unit scope: This study is on individual level of analysis of selected bottling companies in Aba. Content scope: This study covers only labour turnover management on organizational productivity between 2010 and 2019. Geographical scope: This study covered the Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7Up Bottling Company Plc., Aba, Nigeria. 1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The most significant restriction of the study is having access to the office since the setting was extremely limited for security reasons, and entry into the business was mostly by invitation. As a result, obtaining an invitation to share the questionnaire and conduct interviews was extremely difficult, and there were limits on the number of times the researcher was authorized to enter the offices where the necessary information was obtained. As a result, the researcher had to devote many months to data gathering during the research process. Furthermore, there was a constraint on the number of years of information the researcher could be given by the organisations, since the selected bottling businesses only granted the researcher access to ten (10) years of data on different labour turnover management indicators and organisational productivity. Another difficulty encountered in performing this study was the inability to express the dependent variable "productivity" as well as the independent variable "labour turnover" with appropriate indicators for each specific aim. For this study, it took the intervention of the supervisory committee to resort to quantity of sales, profit, output, and customer satisfaction as appropriate indicators of organisational productivity, as well as worker retention (pay, allowances), worker training, promotion, and worker skills as appropriate indicators of labour turnover management. Generally, eliciting the required information from the various issues of the annual reports of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc. and 7Up Bottling Company Plc., Aba were the major constraint encountered in completing the study. The researcher was put through rigorous methods of transforming existing information to fit the necessary variables for the investigation. 1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Labour turnover: - This is the overall change in the number of people employed in a business entity during a particular period. It takes into consideration the number of exiting personnel, new joinees and the total number of workers as listed in the payroll at the end of a given period. Productivity: - is a phenomenon, which is concerned with the utilization of resources to produce a given output, the resources could be labour materials and capital. Incentives: - Something, which encourages you to work harder, start new activities. Remuneration: - An amount of money paid to someone for work done. Promotion: - is the Vertical movement of employees in the organization to a position of higher authority. Profit: - This is the financial benefit realized when revenue generated from a given business activity or numerous business activities exceeds the expenses, cost and taxes involved in sustaining the business activity in question. It calculated as the naira difference between total revenue and total expenses Output: - This is the number of units of goods produced in a specific time period. The period could be monthly or yearly. Retention: Retention refers to employees’ abilities to not only absorb and retain training or specialized skills, but to apply the learned skills to their job. Worker/Employee retention: Refers to the ability of an organization to retain its employees Sales quantity: This is the number of units of goods sold in a specific time period. The period could be daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, biannually or yearly. Consumer satisfaction: Consumer satisfaction is a term that measures how products or services supplied by a company meet or surpass a customers’ expectation. Customer satisfaction is important because it provides marketers and business owners with the metric that they can use to manage and improve their businesses as well as shows how productively relevant the organisation is to its business environment.   CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 CONCEPTUAL REVIEW 2.1.1 Labour turnover Labor turnover, also known as staffing turnover, is defined as the ratio of employees who leave a firm due to attrition, dism

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