TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Aim of study
1.3 Objective of study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Air Pollutant
2.2.1 Classification
of Air Pollutants
2.2.2 Types
of Air Pollutants
2.2.3 Sources
of Air Pollutants
2.3 Sources
of Air Pollution That Affect Air Quality in Nigeria
2.3.1 Anthropogenic
Sources of Air Pollution in Nigeria:
2.4 Health
Effects of Air Pollution
2.4 Method
of Controlling Air Pollution in Nigeria
CHAPTER
THREE
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.2 Study Area
3.3 Study Design
3.4 Sampling
3.5 Distribution Map Development
3.6 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Results
4.1.1 Commercial
Air Quality
4.1.2 Residential Areas Air Quality
4.1.3 Comparison
Of Air Quality Around Residential And Commercial Areas
4.2 Discussion
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusions
5.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of Study
The atmosphere is the gaseous state that surrounds
the earth and constitutes the transition between its surface and the vacuum of
space (Bhatia, 2009). The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (N2) and
oxygen (O2) and is made up of many layers of air, in each one which is
identified by their thermal characteristics or temperature changes, chemical
composition, movement and density (Narayanan, 2009). Life on earth is supported
by the layers of air, solar energy and our planet's magnetic fields, and the
quality of air is very essential to its sustenance (Ojo & Awokola, 2012).
Air pollution is the presence of substances in the
atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or
cause damage to the climate or to materials. The most common air pollutants in
the urban environment include: sulphur dioxide (SO2); oxides of nitrogen (NOx),
such as nitrogen oxide, (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2); carbon monoxide
(CO);volatile organic compounds (VOCs); ozone (O3); suspended particulate
matter (SPM) also called particulates; and lead (Pb) (Lutgens & Edward,
2000). Air pollutant can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or
gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made (USEPA, 2006; Narayanan,
2009). Sources of air pollution include traffic (vehicle exhaust), industrial sectors
(from brick making to oil and gas production), power plants and generating
sets, cooking and heating with solid fuels (e.g. coal, wood, crop waste), forest
fires and open burning of municipal waste and agricultural residues (Akanni,
2010; Komolafe et al., 2014).
Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies and even
death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as
animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both
human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution (Wikipedia
contributors, 2021).
Air pollution is believed to be responsible for more
than five million deaths annually. Atmospheric pollution generally results from
unsustainable combustion of fossil fuels in energy conversion devices (Daniel,
2009). This arises from anthropogenic activities and fugitive emission sources
of atmospheric pollutants. These activities include increased vehicular
traffic, biomass combustion, use of electric power generating sets, leakages
from incinerators and flare stacks. The measured atmospheric pollutants which
include sulphur (IV) oxide (SO2), nitrogen (IV) oxide (NO 2 ),
carbon (II) oxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM 10 ) are among the air
pollutants normally used for air pollution index/air quality index (API/AQI)
calculations. These pollutants are everywhere in urban air and are widely
recognized as posing potential risk to public health with serious effort s made
to regulate their concentrations at national and international levels. These
atmospheric pollutants cause serious environmental challenges that most often
pose significant threat to clean air which is a basic and fundamental
requirement of human existence and environmental health (Lelieveld et al., 2019).
Environmental pollution mainly resulting from
atmospheric emissions has become a major and serious environmental issue of
great concern in most Nigerian cities. This has become more worrisome due to
the increase in sources and the diverse nature of the anthropogenic and fugitive
atmospheric pollutants (Damian Carrington Environment, 2019). The level of
these atmospheric pollutants in an area is generally influenced by various
factors such as concentration, circulation of the local emission sources as
well as environmental and the prevailing meteorological factors. This generally
depends on spatial variations as well as atmospheric gradients which results in
the migration and diffusion of atmospheric contaminants to areas away from the
sources of emissions. The emission of these pollutants increases the overall
toxic burden of the environment, as well as deteriorates the ambient air quality.
The tendency for the release of toxins to the environment is therefore
influenced by these factors mentioned above.
Lagos as one of the main cities in Nigeria has been
identified as one of the fastest growing megacities in the world, with the
potential of becoming the most populous city in Africa by 2015 (Gandy, 2006;
Ibem, 2011). However, the cost of population growth is not limited to the
demand for water, food and energy resources, but also includes the effect of
the increased use of such resources on public health and quality of life. Urban
population growth implies that the residents of such cities will increase their
demand for journeys through vehicular transport means (Chatterton et al., 2009). Traffic-related
pollutants, derived from the use of vehicular transport modes such as cars, are
associated with effects ranging from poor public health, built and natural
environmental degradation and global climate change (Paulley, 2002). Studies
have shown that the level of air pollution in Nigeria’s major cities is at a
level that could lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in vulnerable individuals
(Efe, 2008). Without policy and legislative change in air quality management,
increasing numbers of Nigerians living and working in its cities and sprawling
urban settlements are at risk from poor air quality.
1.2 Aim
of study
The aim of this study is to investigate the
nutritional levels of air pollutants around residential and commercial sector
locations in Lagos mainland, Lagos, Nigeria.
1.3 Objective
of study
The objective of this study is:
1.
To examine the
different types of air pollutants in Lagos Mainland
2.
To examine the
sources of air pollutants in Lagos Mainland
3.
To determine the
level of air pollutants in Lagos Mainland
4.
To access the
various ways at which air pollution can be controlled
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