ABSTRACT
This study explores the significance of traditional costumes in the Kalabari community of Rivers State, Nigeria, with a focus on their role in preserving cultural identity amid modernization and globalization. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with Kalabari artisans, cultural practitioners, and community members, alongside quantitative surveys to gather broad-based perspectives. Additionally, a comprehensive literature review provides contextual understanding and identifies gaps in existing research. The findings reveal that traditional costumes are pivotal in maintaining Kalabari cultural heritage, serving as symbols of identity and continuity. However, challenges such as economic constraints, loss of traditional craftsmanship, and the influence of global fashion trends threaten the preservation of these cultural artifacts. The study highlights the need for targeted strategies to support artisans, enhance the cultural significance of traditional attire, and integrate cultural education into contemporary practices. This research contributes to the broader discourse on cultural preservation by offering practical recommendations for safeguarding traditional costumes and promoting their use. It underscores the importance of balancing cultural heritage with modern influences and provides a framework for future studies on indigenous attire and its role in cultural identity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
PRESERVING THE KALABARI CULTURAL IDENTITY THROUGH COSTUMING 1
TABLE OF CONTENT 1
ABSTRACT 1
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study 2
1.2 Statement of the problem 5
1.3 Objectives of the study 7
1.4 Research Questions 7
1.5 Methodology of the study 8
1.6 De-limitation of the study 9
1. 7 Significance of the study 10
1.8 Organization of the work 12
CHAPTER TWO:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework 17
2.2 Conceptual framework 18
2.3 Identity and costuming in the African culture 20
CHAPTER THREE: 23
CULTURAL PRESERVATION 23
3.1 Historical survey of traditional costumes 25
3.2 Culture and identity in African traditional performances 28
3.3 Promoting Culture and Development in African societies 30
3.4 Costume Design and identity in African societies 31
CHAPTER 4:
IDENTITY AND COSTUMING IN KALABARI KINDRED
4.1 Major Costumes in Kalabari 33
4.2The Effective Use of costumes in Kalabari Performances 35
4. 3 Cultural Identity and Preservation through Costumes in The Kalabari Kindred 37
Table: Cultural Identity and Preservation through Costumes in the Kalabari Kindred 37
Interpretation 38
4.4 Impacts of the use of major costumes in Kalabari kindred. 40
4.5 Exploring the Values of Costuming in Kalabari for Socio-cultural Development 43
Table: Exploring the Values of Costuming in Kalabari for Socio-Cultural Development 43
Interpretation 44
4.6 Challenges of constructing major costumes in Kalabari kindred 46
CHAPTER FIVE:
CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of Findings 49
5.2 Conclusion 51
5.3 Recommendations 52
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The Kalabari people, an ethnic group from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, have a rich cultural heritage that is vividly expressed through their traditional costumes. These garments are not merely articles of clothing but are deeply embedded with cultural meanings and historical significance. Traditional costumes in Kalabari culture serve as markers of identity and heritage, reflecting the values, beliefs, and social structures of the community. They play a pivotal role in ceremonial events, rituals, and daily life, embodying the cultural continuity and social cohesion of the Kalabari people (Dimonye & Asiegbu, 2023).
Traditional Kalabari costumes are characterized by their elaborate designs, vibrant colors, and intricate craftsmanship. These costumes often feature specific patterns and adornments that signify social status, lineage, and cultural affiliation. The use of traditional attire is prevalent during significant cultural festivals, rites of passage, and communal gatherings. The detailed craftsmanship involved in creating these garments showcases the skill and artistry of Kalabari artisans, preserving age-old techniques and traditions (Ayebatonye-Fatayi & Ibekwe, 2023).
The importance of traditional costumes in Kalabari culture extends beyond their aesthetic appeal. These garments are instrumental in preserving cultural identity and heritage. They serve as a medium through which cultural narratives and historical events are communicated and remembered. For instance, specific costumes are associated with historical figures, legends, and significant events in Kalabari history, thus reinforcing a collective sense of identity and cultural pride (Sani, 2021).
Despite their significance, the traditional costume practices of the Kalabari people face several challenges. Modernization and globalization have introduced new cultural influences that compete with traditional practices. The influx of Western fashion trends and mass-produced clothing has led to a gradual decline in the use of traditional costumes. This shift poses a threat to the preservation of Kalabari cultural heritage, as younger generations may be less inclined to embrace traditional attire (Nwoye, Deekor, & Daerego, 2021).
Economic constraints further exacerbate the challenges faced in the construction and maintenance of traditional costumes. The high cost of authentic materials and the financial limitations of artisans impact the quality and availability of traditional attire. Economic hardships can lead to the use of cheaper, less authentic materials, which affects the overall authenticity and cultural value of the costumes (Ationg et al., 2020).
The decline in skilled artisans is another significant challenge affecting traditional costume construction. The traditional knowledge and craftsmanship required to create these garments are being lost as fewer individuals are trained in these techniques. The lack of interest among younger generations and the migration of skilled artisans to urban areas contribute to this decline, jeopardizing the continuity of traditional costume-making practices (Ayebatonye-Fatayi & Ibekwe, 2023).
Efforts to preserve traditional costumes and their associated practices must also contend with the impact of external cultural influences. The incorporation of foreign elements into traditional attire can alter the original design and meaning of the costumes. Balancing the integration of new cultural influences while maintaining traditional elements is crucial for preserving the authenticity and significance of Kalabari garments (Sani, 2021).
In addition to these challenges, there is a need for greater documentation and research on traditional Kalabari costumes. The absence of comprehensive records on costume-making techniques and their cultural significance hinders preservation efforts. Systematic documentation and scholarly research are essential for understanding and safeguarding the intricacies of traditional costume practices (Dimonye & Asiegbu, 2023).
The socio-cultural impact of traditional costumes extends beyond individual identity to encompass community cohesion and cultural continuity. Costumes play a central role in communal events and rituals, reinforcing social bonds and fostering a shared sense of heritage. They are integral to the celebration of cultural milestones and the reinforcement of collective memory within the Kalabari community (Ayebatonye-Fatayi & Ibekwe, 2023).
In summary, traditional costumes in Kalabari culture are crucial for preserving cultural identity and heritage. Despite facing challenges such as modernization, economic constraints, and a decline in skilled artisans, these garments continue to play a vital role in the cultural and social life of the Kalabari people. Addressing these challenges through targeted efforts can support the preservation and promotion of Kalabari traditional attire, ensuring its continued relevance and significance (Sani, 2021; Nwoye, Deekor, & Daerego, 2021).
1.2 Statement of the problem
The traditional costumes of the Kalabari people are a significant aspect of their cultural heritage, embodying the community’s historical and social values. However, several pressing issues threaten the preservation and effective use of these traditional garments.
Firstly, modernization and globalization have introduced competing cultural influences that overshadow traditional Kalabari attire. The influx of Western fashion and mass-produced clothing has led to a gradual decline in the use of traditional costumes, particularly among younger generations. This shift not only diminishes the visibility of Kalabari cultural practices but also jeopardizes the continuity of traditional costume-making techniques (Sani, 2021).
Secondly, economic constraints present a substantial challenge to the preservation of traditional costumes. The high cost of authentic materials and the financial limitations of local artisans impact the quality and availability of traditional attire. Economic hardships compel artisans to use cheaper, less authentic materials, which compromises the cultural value and craftsmanship of the garments. This economic strain affects both the production and the maintenance of traditional costumes (Ationg et al., 2020; Ayebatonye-Fatayi & Ibekwe, 2023).
Additionally, the decline in skilled artisans is a critical issue facing the Kalabari community. The traditional knowledge and craftsmanship required for creating these costumes are being lost as fewer individuals are trained in these techniques. The migration of skilled artisans to urban areas for better economic opportunities and the lack of interest among younger generations contribute to this decline. This loss of traditional skills threatens the survival of Kalabari costume-making practices (Dimonye & Asiegbu, 2023).
Moreover, external cultural influences and the incorporation of foreign elements into traditional attire pose a risk to the authenticity of Kalabari costumes. The blending of new cultural elements with traditional designs can alter the original meaning and significance of the garments. Ensuring that traditional elements are preserved while integrating new influences is a delicate balance that must be managed to maintain the cultural integrity of Kalabari attire (Sani, 2021).
Another significant issue is the lack of comprehensive documentation and research on Kalabari traditional costumes. The absence of detailed records on costume-making techniques and their cultural significance hinders efforts to preserve these practices. Without systematic documentation, it is challenging to safeguard the intricacies of traditional attire and ensure that future generations understand and appreciate their cultural heritage (Dimonye & Asiegbu, 2023).
In summary, the preservation of traditional Kalabari costumes is threatened by modernization, economic constraints, a decline in skilled artisans, the impact of external cultural influences, and a lack of documentation. Addressing these issues is crucial for safeguarding the cultural heritage of the Kalabari people and ensuring that their traditional costumes continue to play a meaningful role in their cultural practices (Sani, 2021; Ayebatonye-Fatayi & Ibekwe, 2023).
1.3 Objectives of the study
1) To Investigate the Role of Traditional Costumes in Preserving Kalabari Cultural Identity.
2) To Assess the Challenges Faced in the Production and Maintenance of Traditional Kalabari Costumes.
3) To Evaluate the Impact of Modernization and Globalization on the Use of Traditional Costumes.
4) To Propose Strategies for Enhancing the Preservation and Promotion of Kalabari Traditional Costumes.
1.4 Research Questions
1) What are the Role of Traditional Costumes in Preserving Kalabari Cultural Identity?.
2) What are the Challenges Faced in the Production and Maintenance of Traditional Kalabari Costumes?.
3) What are the Impact of Modernization and Globalization on the Use of Traditional Costumes?.
4) What are Strategies for Enhancing the Preservation and Promotion of Kalabari Traditional Costumes?.
1.5 Methodology of the study
The study on traditional Kalabari costumes will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative research methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Primary data will be collected through structured interviews and surveys with Kalabari artisans, cultural practitioners, and community members. These interviews will focus on gathering insights into the traditional techniques used in costume making, the challenges faced, and the cultural significance of these garments. Additionally, surveys will be administered to a broader audience within the Kalabari community to assess perceptions of traditional costumes, the impact of modernization, and the effectiveness of current preservation efforts (Dimonye & Asiegbu, 2023).
Secondary data will be gathered through a review of existing literature, including academic articles, books, and cultural records related to Kalabari costumes and heritage. This will involve analyzing previous research on traditional attire, cultural practices, and the impact of globalization on indigenous communities. The literature review will help contextualize the findings from primary data and provide a broader understanding of the challenges and opportunities associated with preserving traditional costumes in the Kalabari community (Sani, 2021; Ayebatonye-Fatayi & Ibekwe, 2023).
Data analysis will be conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative data from interviews will be analyzed thematically to identify common patterns, trends, and insights into the cultural significance and challenges of traditional costumes. Quantitative data from surveys will be analyzed using statistical methods to determine the prevalence of certain views and the correlation between factors such as modernization and the use of traditional attire. The combination of these methods will provide a holistic view of the issues at hand and support the development of practical recommendations for preserving and promoting Kalabari traditional costumes (Ationg et al., 2020).
1.6 De-limitation of the study
The scope of this study is delimited to the traditional costumes of the Kalabari people, focusing specifically on the impact of modernization and globalization on their cultural practices. This study will be geographically limited to the Kalabari community in Rivers State, Nigeria, and will not encompass the broader range of indigenous cultures in Nigeria or other regions. The focus is on traditional costumes as cultural artifacts rather than a comprehensive examination of all aspects of Kalabari cultural heritage.
Additionally, the study will concentrate on the perspectives of Kalabari artisans, cultural practitioners, and community members who are directly involved in or affected by traditional costume practices. It will not include perspectives from external stakeholders such as international fashion designers or broader socio-cultural analysts who might offer different viewpoints on the global implications of traditional costume practices.
The research will also be limited to a specific timeframe, focusing on recent trends and challenges over the past decade. Historical analysis of traditional costumes will be briefly referenced to provide context, but the primary focus will be on current practices and issues. The study will rely on a combination of interviews, surveys, and literature review, without incorporating experimental methods or longitudinal studies to track changes over extended periods.
1. 7 Significance of the study
This study is significant for several reasons:
1. Preservation of Cultural Heritage: The research provides valuable insights into the role of traditional Kalabari costumes in preserving cultural identity. By highlighting the importance of these garments in maintaining cultural practices, the study contributes to the broader effort of safeguarding indigenous cultural heritage in the face of globalization and modernization. Understanding how traditional costumes function as symbols of cultural identity can support initiatives aimed at preserving these practices for future generations (Sani, 2021; Dimonye & Asiegbu, 2023).
2. Identification of Challenges and Opportunities: The study identifies key challenges faced by the Kalabari community in the production and maintenance of traditional costumes, including economic constraints, loss of skilled artisans, and the impact of external cultural influences. By documenting these issues, the research provides a foundation for addressing these challenges and exploring potential solutions. This information is crucial for policymakers, cultural organizations, and local artisans who seek to support and revitalize traditional costume practices (Ationg et al., 2020; Ayebatonye-Fatayi & Ibekwe, 2023).
3. Impact on Cultural Policy and Education: Findings from the study can inform cultural policies and educational programs aimed at promoting and preserving traditional attire. By providing evidence-based recommendations, the research can guide the development of programs that encourage the use of traditional costumes, support artisans, and integrate cultural education into curricula. This has the potential to enhance cultural awareness and appreciation among younger generations and broader audiences (Sani, 2021; Adedimeji, 2021).
4. Contribution to Academic Knowledge: The study adds to the academic literature on traditional costumes and cultural preservation, particularly within the context of the Kalabari community. It fills gaps in existing research by offering a detailed examination of the intersection between traditional attire, cultural identity, and modern influences. This contribution enriches the understanding of how traditional costumes can be preserved and promoted in a rapidly changing global environment (Dimonye & Asiegbu, 2023; Sani, 2021)
1.8 Organization of the work
This study is systematically organized into five chapters to provide a comprehensive examination of traditional Kalabari costumes and their significance. Chapter One serves as the introduction, detailing the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the objectives, methodology, delimitations, significance, and organization of the research. This chapter sets the foundation for the study by outlining its scope, purpose, and the approach taken to explore the impact of modernization on Kalabari cultural practices.
Chapter Two focuses on the literature review, presenting an extensive analysis of existing research related to traditional costumes, cultural identity, and the effects of globalization. It explores conceptual frameworks and theoretical perspectives relevant to the study, drawing from various scholarly sources to contextualize the research. This chapter helps to establish the academic background and identifies gaps in the current literature that the study aims to address.
Chapter Three covers the research methodology, describing the methods used for data collection and analysis. It explains the mixed-methods approach, including qualitative interviews, quantitative surveys, and a review of secondary literature. The methodology section details how the data was gathered, analyzed, and interpreted, ensuring the reliability and validity of the research findings.
Chapter Four presents the findings and discussions, divided into sections that explore major costumes in the Kalabari kindred, the effective use of costumes in performances, cultural identity and preservation, the impacts of costumes, values for socio-cultural development, and challenges faced in costume construction. Each section provides detailed analysis and interpretation based on the collected data.
Chapter Five concludes the study with a summary of findings, drawing final conclusions from the research, and offering recommendations for preserving and promoting Kalabari traditional costumes. This chapter encapsulates the study's contributions, discusses its implications, and suggests practical steps for future research and cultural preservation efforts.
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