ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE FROM WATER-SIDE ABATTOIR EFFLUENT, ABA, ABIA STATE

ABSTRACT

The Isolation and Identification of microorganisms of Public Health Importance from Water-Side Abattoir effluent, Aba, Abia State was carried out. Samples were taken from the abattoir effluent, and also, from upstream and downstream of the receiving water body. The samples were examined for pathogenic microorganisms and the mean counts of the different isolates were gotten. The bacterial isolates were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter sp. while the fungal isolates were Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp. and Penicillium sp. The Total Heterotrophic Count ranged from 9.8 × 104 cfu/ml to 2.2 × 107 cfu/ml with the effluent giving the highest mean count. The Total Coliform Count ranged from 7.5 × 104 cfu/ml to 1.7 × 107 cfu/ml with the effluent also giving the highest mean count. The Salmonella count ranged from 3.4 × 103 cfu/ml to 7.0 × 104 cfu/ml. The Shigella count ranged from 2.2 × 103cfu/ml to 5.6 × 104 cfu/ml. The Escherichia coli count ranged from 2.0 × 104 cfu/ml to 5.4 × 105cfu/ml. The Staphylococcus aureus count ranged from 7.0 × 103 cfu/ml to 6.7 × 105 cfu/ml. The fungal count ranged from 2.0 × 103 cfu/ml to 5.0 × 104 cfu/ml. The presence of the isolated pathogens could impact on public health and indicates poor abattoir hygiene. Thus, adoption of appropriate abattoir wastewater treatment measure is recommended.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgements iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Tables vi

Abstract vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Aims and Objectives 2

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Slaughter and Waste Handling in Nigeria 3

2.1 Pollution of water bodies with Abattoir Waste 4

2.2 Potential bacterial contaminants associated with abattoir wastewater 4

2.2.1 Escherichia coli 5

2.2.2 Salmonella 6

2.2.3 Shigella 8

2.2.4 Klebsiella 9

2.2.5 Enterobacter 10

2.2.6 Serratia 11

2.2.7 Pseudomonas 11

2.3 Viruses that can be found in abattoir wastewater 12

2.3.1 Rotavirus 12

2.3.2 Hepatitis A virus (HAV) 13

2.3.3 Hepatitis E virus (HEV) 13

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS  

3.0 Study Site 15

3.1 Sample collection 15

3.2 Sterilization of materials 15

3.3 Media Preparation 15

3.4 Isolation and enumeration of microorganisms 16

3.5 Characterization and Identification of isolates 17

3.5.1 Gram Staining 17

3.5.2    Motility test 18

3.6 Biochemical Tests 18

3.6.1 Catalase Test 18

3.6.2 Coagulase Test 19

3.6.3 Oxidase Test 19

3.6.4 Urease Test 19

3.6.5 Indole Test 19

3.6.6 Methyl Red-VogesProskauer Test 20

3.6.7 Citrate Utilization test 20

3.6.8 Sugar Fermentation Test 20

3.7 Statistical analysis 21

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 22

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Discussion 26

5.1 Conclusion 29

5.2 Recommendation 29

REFERENCES 30

Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

Table                                 Title         Page

      1 Microbial count of the isolates   23

      2 Characterization and Identification of Bacterial Isolates   24

            3            Identification and Characterization of Fungal Isolates   25

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION

An Abattoir is a special facility designed and licensed for receiving, holding, slaughtering and inspecting meat animals and meat products before release to the public (Alonge, 2005). During slaughter and meat processing, wastewater is generated consisting of mainly intestinal contents, blood and water. Abattoir effluents most often enter natural bodies of water like groundwater, streams, lakes, rivers and oceans as a result of natural drainage patterns and sequences (Madigan et al., 1997; Pelczar et al., 2002). In Nigeria, abattoir wastes are sources of embarrassment that requires immediate remedy. When untreated wastewater is discharged into any receiving water body, it makes the water unfit for human use because there are potential pathogens that can exist in the waste (Cadmus et al., 1999).

Several studies have revealed that abattoirs in developing countries have an unhygienic environment (Adeyemo, 2002; Nwanta et al., 2010). These studies have detected the presence of pathogens that are known causes of diarrheal diseases and a possible hazard to human health in the abattoirs waste water and receiving water bodies (Benka-Coker and Ojior, 1996; Abiade-Paul et al., 2005). This pollution arises from activities in meat production as a result of failure in adhering to good manufacturing practices (GMP) and good Health Practices (GHP) (Adesemoye et al., 2006). Pathogens present in animal carcasses or shed in animal waste may include Rotaviruses, Hepatitis E virus, Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter sp., etc. (Sobsey et al., 2002).

The consequence of infection by pathogens originating from animal wastes can range from temporary morbidity to mortality especially in high risk individuals. Due to the difficulties in quantifying pathogens, indicator fecal coliforms have been monitored for more than 100 years (Byamukama et al., 2005). In order to reduce pollution rate, effluent discharge guidelines have been put together by several agencies that are involved in environmental health.

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

ü To determine the microbial load of abattoir effluent of Water-side abattoir in Aba metropolis.

ü To determine the microbial effect of the effluent on the nearby river.

ü To compare the growth rate of isolates at 37 and at room temperature.

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