ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effect of Goko cleanser on some biochemical parameters in albino wistar rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Group I, which is the control, was given normal rat feed and water only. Group II, III and IV were administered 10ml/kg body weight, 15ml/kg body weight and 20ml/kg body weight of Goko cleanser respectively for 28 days. The result of this study showed that in Group III there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the level of activity of the liver enzyme aspartate amino transferase (AST) (58.6±7.79 IU/I), when compared to the value of the normal group (40.70±2.49mg/l). Group IV showed significant decrease (p>0.05) in the concentration of total bilirubin (TB) (0.26±0.7 mg/l) when compared to the normal control in (0.44±0.19 mg/l). The concentration of Total Protein (TP), Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Alanine phosphatase (ALP) in Groups II, III, IV showed no significant differences when compared to the control (Group I). Group II showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the concentration of super dismutase (SOD) (3.11±1.68IU/I) when compared to the normal control (1.26± 0.95 IU/I). Group II, III, IV showed no significant difference in catalase activity when compared to the normal group. The administration of Goko cleanser to Group III had a significant increase (p<0.05) in creatinine level (1.15±0.015mg/dl) when compared to control (1.01±0.09 mg/dl) while Group IV showed significant (p>0.05) decrease in creatinine level (0.87±0.07 mg/dl) when compared to control (1.61±0.09mg/l). The concentration of urea (44.1±3.37 mg/dl) in Group IV showed significant increase (p<0.05) when compared to the normal (25.39±4.26 mg/dl). Results obtained from this study seem to suggest that Goko cleanser may have some hepatoprotective property and may not be safe for use at high doses.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgements vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables xi
Abstract xii
CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and Objectives 3
1.2.1 Aim of Study 3
1.2.2 Objectives of Study 3
1.3 Justification of the Study 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Medicinal Plants 5
2.1.1 History of medicinal plants in phototherapy 5
2.1.2 Importance of medicinal plants in drug
discovery 6
2.2 Traditional
Systems of Medicine 7
2.2.1 Historical
and current perspective 7
2.2.2 Asian traditional medicine 8
2.2.3 European traditional medicine 9
2.2.4 Neo-western traditional medicine 9
2.2.5 African traditional medicine 9
2.3 Modern Phytomedicine 10
2.3.1 Prospect of Modern Medicine 10
2.3.2 Constraints in herbal medicine 11
2.3.2.1 Reproducibility of biological activity of
herbal extracts 11
2.3.2.2 Toxicity and adverse effect of plants
extracts 12
2.3.2.3 Adulteration and contamination 12
2.3.2.4 Herb-drug interactions 13
2.3.2.5 Standardization
of medicinal plants products 18
2.3.3 Improving the quality, safety and efficacy
of herbal medicines 19
2.3.3.1 Mediculture 19
2.3.3.2 Correct identification of plant material 19
2.4 Secondary Metabolites 20
2.5 Toxicology 20
2.5.1 Methods used in toxicological studies 21
2.5.1.1 Acute toxicity test methods 21
2.6 Hepatoxicity 22
2.6.1 Drug induce liver injury (DILI) 23
2.6.1.1 Steatosis (Fatty Liver) 23
2.6.1.2 Necrosis 25
2.6.1.3 Apoptosis 25
2.6.1.4 Cholestasis 26
2.6.1.5 Cirrhosis 26
2.6.1.6 Hepatitis 26
2.7 The Biochemical Parameters 27
2.7.1 Creatinine 27
2.7.2 The total protein 27
2.7.3 Urea
28
2.7.4 Cholesterol 29
2.7.5 Triacyglecerol (TAG) 29
2.7.6 Malondialdehyde (Lipid Peroxidation Index) 29
2.8 Antioxidant Enzymes 30
2.8.1 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 30
2.8.2 Catalase 31
2.8.3 Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 31
2.8.4 Glutathione 32
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials 33
3.1.1 Goko cleanser bitters 33
3.1.2 List of reagent 33
3.2 Method 34
3.2.1 Animals 34
3.2.2 Determination of goko cleanser dose of
administration 34
3.2.3 Animal Feeding and Grouping 34
3.2.4 Sample Collection 35
3.2.5 Determination of Aspartate Aminotransferase 35
3.2.6
Determination of Alanine Aminotransferase
36
3.2.7
Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity 36
3.2.8 Total Serum Protein Concentration 37
3.2.9 Determination
of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity 38
3.2.10 Determination
of Catalase 39
3.2.11 Malondialdehyde
(Lipid perioxidation Index) 39
3.2.12 Determination of cholesterol 40
3.2.13 Determination of
Total Triacylglycerol 40
3.2.14 High Density
Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol 42
3.2.15 Low Density
Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol 42
3.3.16 Determination of Creatinine 43
3.2.17 Determination
of Serum Urea 43
3.3 Statistical Analysis 44
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results 45
4.2 Discussion of Results 50
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 52
5.2 Recommendations 52
References 53
Appendix 63
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
2.1: Some
of the most economically important pharmaceutical
and
their precursors derived from plants 7
2.2: Documented
reports on some medicinal plants and their
adverse
effects 15
2.3: Herbal
preparation – drugs interactions 16
2.4: Biochemical
Markers of Liver Injury 23
3.1: Determination of total triacylglycerol 41
4.1: Present effect of
administration of Goko cleanser on
Liver
function parameters in
albino wistar rats 45
4.2: Effect
of administration of Goko cleanser on
antioxidant enzymes 46
4.3: Effect of administration of Goko cleanser on malonialdehyde
(MDA)
concentration in rats 47
4.4: Effect
of administration of Goko cleanser
on lipid
profile
parameters 48
4.5: Effect of administration of Goko cleanser on kidney
function
parameters 49
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Herbal
bitters are made from herbs, these herbs are essential to phytotherapy input to
holistic medicine. They generally have a bitter taste. The bitterness is often clarified
as being due to a bitter principle; but this may be a volatile oil, and alkaloid
or asesquiterpene (Hoffmann, 2003). In
current herbal medicine, “bitter principles” occupy a middle place in herbal
therapeutics, bearing the acrid components.
Most
people drinking herbal medicines complain about the bitterness of the medicines
prescribed. This could be the only defining attribute of herbal medicine and
the only characteristics to set it apart from other therapies (Hoffman, 2003). Herbs stimulate a variety of liver activities
mostly enhancing bile production and its discharge from the gall bladder.
Bitter
herbs may also lead to a moderate enhancement and stimulation of endocrine activities,
especially insulin and glucagon secretion by the Islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas. Therefore, diabetics need to
be taken care with bitter herb as they play a role in treating the non-insulin
dependent diabetes (Shivaprasad et al, 2013). All over the world, the use of
organic drugs is becoming increasingly popular.
Even
in the developed countries, the use of organic products in the therapy of
certain diseases is acceptable. Studies
have now proven that organic drugs are effective which allows for such products
to be known and listed among registered drugs.
In Nigeria, it is gradually becoming fit that organic drugs can be used
side by side with orthodox medicine for treating diseases.
So
far, all organic drugs in Nigeria are in a way known by the national regulatory
agency: National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and control (NAFDAC).
Goko Cleanser belongs to the group of organic drugs and was launched into the market
in 2012 by the company of Dr Iguedos. Since it was introduced into the Nigerian
drug market it has been widely accepted, made use of the general public.
It
has become a household name and there are very few reports of it adverse
reaction, which may account for its wide acceptability. Goko cleanser is
formulated in such a way that the ingredients have a concerted effect on the
management of diseases of the digestive system. This bitter decreases the
stomach acidity in the case of ulcer by diminishes the production of gastric juice
(Tilburt, 2008).
Bitter
herb also helps to stimulate the liver thereby ensuring proper and complete
digestion (Finkel, 2000). It is especially effective in digesting fatty foods.
It also enhances blood circulation. Goko cleanser helps to facilitate reduction
in blood pressure via arteries dilation, assists in the discarding of
cholesterol, sugar, triacylglycerols, secretive and uric acid. In the nervous system, Goko cleanser promotes
effective function of the secretive glands (Shivaprasad et al, 2013).
It
is beneficial in the treatment of such disorders as insomnia, stress and
depression. In the urinary and excretory
systems; it facilitates the process of ultra filtration by the nephrone, it
also helps in the dissolution and prevention of kidney stones and bladder
infections. It is also useful in regulating the proper operation of the
intestines by preventing constipation. In ulcerations, Goko cleanser inhibits
the formation of ulcers by eliminating any traces of stored toxins in the body
and aids in immune boosting (Ribnicky et al, 2008). It prevents hardening of
tissues by dissolving materials which are toxic, and also promotes cell
formation and development (Qi et al, 2013). Goko bitter prevents overweight and
encourages healthy weight loss (Chandrasekaran et al., 2012).
1.2 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 Aim of study
The
aim of the study is to determine the effect of Goko cleanser decoction on some
biochemical parameters of Albino Wistar Rats
1.2.2 Objectives
The
objective of this study is to determine biochemical effects of Goko Cleanser
decoction on Albino Wistar Rats using the parameters listed below:
·
Liver function markers
including Aspartate transaminase activity, alanine transaminase, alanine
phosphatase, total protein and total
bilirubin
·
Antioxidant enzymes
Activity including Superoxide dimutase
and catalase
·
Concentration of
Malondialdehyde
·
Lipid profile including
Cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high density lipoprotein, very low density
lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein
·
Kidney function including
creatinine and urea
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
Herbal
bitters include finished labeled products as the active ingredient. Goko
cleansers have been verified by pharmacological and clinical evaluations and
are generally used as alternative medicine in health care. Herbal formulation
remains as part of primary health care in many African counties and also an
integral component of complementary and alternative medicine the entire world
over (Okigbo and Emeka, 2006; Barbosa et
al., 2012).
The
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that as much as 80% of people in African countries used herbal
medicine to augment their primary health care (Zhou et al., 2004).
Among
the major defect which includes poor dosage formation and standardization of
the products (Okigbo and Emeka, 2006; Calixto, 2000). Considering the fact that
Goko cleanser is used in the treatment of several diseases, it is necessary to
ascertain the biochemical effect of it.
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