TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract
v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Background
to the Study 1
1.3 Statement
of the problem 2
1.4 Aims
and Objectives 3
1.5 Significance
of study 4
1.6 Research
Methodology 5
1.7 Scope
of study 5
1.8 Definition
of terms 5
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Foreign
Policy 7
Note
and References
CHAPTER
THREE
EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA’S FOREIGN
POLICY
3.1 The Origin of Nigeria’s foreign Policy 23
3.2 The Promotion and Defence of World Peace 24
3.3 The Objectives of Nigeria’s Foreign
Policy 26
3.4 The Determinations of Nigeria’s Foreign
Policy 29
3.5 External Environment of Nigeria’s Foreign
Policy External 35
3.6 Psychological (Perception) Threshold 36
3.7 Aims and Principles of Nigeria’s Foreign
Policy 37
3.8 Foreign Policy Making in Nigeria 39
3.9 Conclusion 41
Note and References
CHAPTER FOUR
THE
ROLE OF JOSEPH GABRA IN NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
4.1 Garba Joseph Garven 43
4.2 The Role of Joseph Garven Garba in
Nigeria’s Foreign 45
4.3 An Assessment of Joe Garba on Nigeria’s
Foreign Policy 51
Note and References
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary 60
5.2 Conclusion 62
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The attainment of
independence by Nigeria on October 1, 1960 marked the end of colonialism and
also gave Nigerian political leaders the opportunity to participate actively in
the formulation and implementation of the country's foreign policy. It would be
recalled that while colonialism lasted in Nigeria in particular and in Africa
in general, the art of formulating and implementing foreign policies was the
exclusive preserve of the colonial masters. It is little wonder therefore that
the foreign policy which many countries adopted during the dark years of
colonialism were dictated as in the case of Nigeria and other English speaking
West African countries by the imperial office in London.
Nevertheless,
there is the need to also distinguish between foreign policy and domestic
policy. While foreign policy refers to the policy a country adopts towards
another, domestic policies are designed to attend to domestic issues. Both
forms of policies are however constrained by the domestic environment and the
fluidity that characterize the international system. The Nigeria foreign policy
has followed the above pattern since 1960.
1.2 Background to the Study
The formulation
and implementation of Nigeria's foreign policy since 1960 when the country
gained independence from Britain has been fraught with problems that border
more importantly on the newness of the country's foreign policy makers in the
international system. The fact that it was not until 1958 that the British
started training Nigerians who eventually took over the making and
implementation of Nigeria's foreign policy accounts greatly for the
conservative and dynamic nature of Nigeria's foreign policy in the decade
following Nigeria's independence. The fact that Nigeria only moralized her
policies without pursuing and achieving same left the country's foreign policy
principles open to abuse by policy experts. Nevertheless, the principles of
Nigeria's foreign policy as enunciated by the country's first prime minister,
Sir Tafawa Abubakar Balewa, such as sovereign equity of states, inviolability
of the territorial integrity of member states, Africa as the centerpiece of
Nigeria's. Foreign policy and multilateralism have remained the cornerstone of
Nigeria's independence since 1960 although some of them have undergone some
level of modification under the various political leaders that have ruled
Nigeria since independence.
1.3 Statement of the
Problem
There is a
consensus among Nigeria foreign policy practitioners that the military regime
of Muritala Mohammed and Olusegun Obasanjo was more dynamic and empirical in
the: formulation and implementation of Nigeria's foreign policy. Apparently
relating to the environment it found itself; the Muritala Obasanjo regime went
about Nigeria's foreign policy in' a simpler manner in line with stated'
objectives. The regime's commitment to the eradication of colonialism in all
its ramifications was total and most times earned it the wrath of western imperialists.
It would
be recalled that at the time the Muritala/Obasanjo ·administration came to
power, countries like' Angola, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Apartheid
South Africa were engaged in war of independence with' their colonial masters.
The appointment of Joe Garba as minister of foreign affairs by the regime
helped it in its crusade against the colonization powers in Africa. Garba's
penchant to see Africa free from colonialism was in line with the zeal of both
Muritala and Obasanjo who in various ways vowed their opposition to colonial
rule in the African continent. Garba was a quintessential man who craves for
excellence and achievement accounted hugely for the success of the foreign
policies of Muritala and Obasanjo.
1.4 Aims and Objectives
The work will aim
to look at the contribution of Joe Garba to the formulation and implementation.
of Nigeria's foreign policy in his capacity as the Minister of Foreign Affairs
under the Muritala/Obasanjo regime and as Nigeria's permanent representative at
the United Nations General Assembly. The specific objective of this work will
be on the impact of Joe Garba on Nigeria's foreign policy in line with the
country's foreign policy principles and philosophy. In our highly
interdependent world, essentially constitute the domain of foreign policy. If
we may define foreign policy very schematically and provisionally as those
actions of a state that are designed to achieve particular objectives involving
other actors beyond the states' own boundaries we see clearly that the foreign
policies of states are the sinews of international relations. It is difficult
to conceive of these relation existing entirely independently of the cross
currents of the foreign policies of state actors on the international arena.
The totality of
the deliberate steps, measure or stances adopted by a state in its interaction
with others state or international organization is known as foreign policy.
Wolfram P. Handrieder defined foreign policy as a "coordinated strategy
with which institutionally designated decision makers seek to manipulate the
international environment in an effort to achieve their national
objectives." Handrieder's definition is helpful in the sense that it
positions a linkage between the domestic and external environment as far as
foreign policy is concerned. This definition also "makes it clear that
policy decisions are made by state functionaries on behalf of the state. In the
conduct of foreign policy, the ultimate purpose is to protect the security of
states, enhance the social economic and political welfare of the citizens, and
maintain without which development is hardly possible.
1.5 Significance of Study
1. To study Nigeria's foreign policy before the
coming of Joe Garba.
2. To show the role played by Joe Garba in
Nigeria's foreign policy in his capacity as Nigeria's External Affairs
Commissioner and Permanent Representative to the United Nations.
3. The work will serve as a reference point to
teachers and students in international relations interested in the contribution
of Joe Garba in Nigeria's foreign policy.
1.6 Research Methodology
The research will
be written with materials obtained from secondary sources. Thus, textbooks,
monographs, journals, newspapers and magazines will be given prominence in this
work.
1.7 Scope of study
This work
examines Nigeria's foreign policy under Joe Garba as Nigeria's Commissioner for
External Relations and Permanent Representative. It also looks at the
structural changes that took place in the External Affairs Ministry or the
United Nations Organisation and their impact on the making and implementation
of Nigeria's foreign policy under Joe Garba. Also, the work also appraises the
contributions of Garba to the .growth and development of Nigeria's foreign
policy.
1.8 Definition of terms
Foreign Policy: Foreign policy
may be conceived as embracing the following definitions:
A set of
carefully articulated goals and objectives which a nation-state seeks to
realize and actualize in the conduct of its relationships with other state;
A set of decision
made and action taken by a state in its interactions with other state;
A series of
demands which a nation-state makes on other state in the international system;
A series of
responses which a nation-state offers to the demands which other state put
before it.
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