ABSTRACT
This project investigated the
influence of Extra mural Classes on student Academic performance in Social
Studies in Junior Secondary Schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area of Ogun
State. The cardinal purpose of this project was to find out the influence of
extramural classes on students’ Academic performance, and to ascertain if the
purpose of introducing extramural classes into the educational system has been
achieved. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a self designed
Teacher Questionnaire on the project title was used to gather information from
teachers. The systematic random sampling technique was used to collect data of
fifty teachers from ten Junior Secondary Schools in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State. The
responses gathered from the teachers were analysed using chi-square analysis to
examine the influence of extramural classes on students Academic performances.
From the findings, it was discovered that students who attend extramural
classes, are well engaged, and make good use of their extra time. This exercise
help permanent learning, which is reflected in their Academic performance in
School.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3
Purpose of the Research
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research hypotheses
1.6 Significant of the Study
1.7
Limitation/Scope of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Theoretical Framework
2.2 Empirical Literature
2.2.1 Influence of Extramural on Academic
achievement
2.2.2 Forms of Extramural classes
2.2.3 The need for Extramural classes
2.3 Appraisal of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Variable in the Study
3.3 Population and Sample
3.4 Instrument
3.4.1 Teachers Questionnaire (TQ)
3.4.2 validation of TQ
3.5 Procedure for Data Collection
3.6 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Data analysis and presentation
4.0
INTRODUCTION
4.1
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS.
4.2 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
4.3
TEST OF HYPOTHESES
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1 Discussion of Result
5.2 Implication
of the Study
5.3 Limitation
of the Study
5.4 Suggestion
for Further Study
5.5 Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
to the study
Education
is seen as a tool of transformation. It is also a process of transformation.
According to the website Dictionary, education is the act or process of
educating as determined by the knowledge, skill or discipline of character
acquired, also the act or process of training by a prescribed or customary
course of study. Patti (2009) also defined education as an act or process of
impacting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the power of reasoning and
judgment and generally of developing ones self or others intellectually for
mature life. Education or being educated, involves all senses being exposed
to a series of stimulate which will
enhance and grow the mental activity of someone, to active a set of, or a
specific objective (Akualtines 2001).
The
National of policy on Education (NPE 2004) also defined Education as an
instrument “par excellent” for effecting national development. In pursuance of
goals of making education a tool of
national development, the government came up with the following national goal.
A
free and democratic society;
A
just and egalitarian society;
A
great and dynamic society;
A
land full of bright opportunity for all;
The aims and objectives of education are to
instill the basic and necessary discipline, value, skill, and attitude to all
facilities of the individuals, that is, to produce an individual who is honest,
skilled, respective, co-operative and confound to the society ‘s norm and
ethics of the day (NPE 2004).
The importance of education is
recognized by all educational, professional, political, non-political and religious
associations, organization and groups at various levels in their memorandum,
letters, and brochures.
The
aims and objectives of education are the following:
I. Individual
Development: the developments of an individual physically, mentally and spiritually.
Developing physical and mental faculties.
II. Developing
child’s character, personality and culture.
III. Social
norms and national development: Developing a sense of national identity, unity
and patriotism.
IV. Social
Transformation: Education is aim at not only adjusting an individual in the
society but also to bring about desirable changes in the society.
V. Acquisition
of value.
In
attempt to achieve these educational goals and objectives, the governments and
policy makers designated some subjects at the junior secondary level (JSS) to
lower some aspect of learning experience that can help to achieve National
goals of Education. Some of the important subjects were considered to be core
subject. One of such subjects is social studies (2004 edition of NPE).
Social studies as a field of study
according to fageyinbo 2000 is a study that deals with man and various possible
interaction between him and his environment and the possible outcomes from
such, which make him to understand, interpret, manipulate, and adjust within,
with or to such environment.
The
National council for social studies (2009) further defined social studies as
the integrated study of the social science and humanities to promote civic
competence. According to the National Curriculum Conference on social studies
(NCCS) social studies provides co- ordinates, systematic study, drawing upon
discipline such as anthropology, economics, geography, history, law,
philosophy, political science, psychology, religion and sociology as well as
appropriate content from the humanity in mathematics, and natural science. The primary
purpose of social studies at the junior secondary school level is to the help
young people develop the ability to make informed and reasoned decision for the
public good as citizens of culturally diverse, and democratic society in an
interdependent world.
The National Curriculum Conference
(1969) enunciated the following aims of social studies in Nigeria
schools.
I. To
help student identify how Nigeria
became a nation, and the need to continue to build a nation and
II. To
help students understand and appreciate democracy including the duties of a
citizen to democratic.
III. To
help students acquire a sense of Social responsibility that recognize one’s
worth and the dignity and worth of others.
The
wide field coverage and electric nature of Social Studies (Fageyinbo 2004), the
decline in the standard of Education, the politization of education, the
consistent government policies to mention a few, because hindrances to
achieving all these stated aims and objectives of education and Social Studies
(Ogunro 2009).
In striving to revive the falling
standard of education, several efforts were made by the government, schools,
parents and other state holders which include training and re-training of
Social Studies teachers, equipping school library with Social Studies text
books, production and constant review of Social Studies text books, however,
persistence poor academic performance in Social Studies, is an indication that
these efforts did not make desired impact. Further attempts to improve the
situation include the use of extramural classes.
Extramural classes according to the
Webster Dictionary are outside usual study courses/subjects outside or
additional to the usual courses/subjects at a University, College, other
educational institution (including School), though usually connected with them.
They are also educational activities that took place outside the walls or
boundaries of the school., though usually connected with them. They are also
educational activities that took place outside the walls or boundaries of the
school.
Extramural
classes could be inform of after school hours classes, private home classes,
outside school lesson or even break time lesson (usually arranged by the
parents (s) of the child (ren) with the teachers).
One notable features of the Nigeria
education system that began way back, extramural classes hand gradually grows,
along side the mainstream education, where students attend or more strictly
speaking, need to attend, extramural classes with the belief to acquire
knowledge that they do not appear to obtain during their hours in schools.
These extramural have became widespread in Nigeria, especially in urban areas.
Extramural classes or private tutoring
as popularly known is not an issue peculiar to only Nigeria as a developing country, it
is s widespread issue can be found in almost all countries in the world as
observed by Bray and Kwok (2003).
Several reasons have been given for
the continuous existence and growth of extramural classes. Firstly, it is considered
as some form of supplementary education. As such, it can satisfy the needs of
the students as is often the case in most developing countries (Glewwe and
Kremer 2005). In such countries, extramural classes canprovide the knowledge
that students cannot obtain at school, or can strengthen what they learn
briefly in class. In most cases this knowledge is needed by students to pass
competitive examination conducted by different state government and National
Examination Council (NECO). Secondly, extramural classes can also be considered
to be a form of corruption, which is more serious than some deficiencies in
education system, which can easily corrected. This can happen in some developing countries with weak monitoring
system in place, where the teachers can barely survive on their salaries, and
they have to resort in asking their students to attend extramural classes
(organized by them with collaboration with the school authority) to supplement
their monthly income (Biswal 1999).
Thirdly, cultural factors can be an
important source of encouragement to the growth, and development of extramural
classes. Since extramural classes can be used as supplementary education, and
can be bought, the rich may have more access to high quality of education than
the poor.
Despite
the nature and widespread of extramural classes, there have been very few
studies carried out to look into the causes of extramural classes and fewer
studies to actually find out the level of impact extramural classes is having
on students’ academic performance, especially at the Junior Secondary School
level and in Social Studies. This research is aimed at finding out if these
goals have been achieved and if not, what are the likely causes and solution to
the situation.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Many
people are of the opinion that students who attend extramural classes perform
academically better than student who do not attend extramural classes. This
assertion calls for investigation, to actually find out whether extramural
classes influence academic performance of students in Social Studies
positively.
1.4
Purpose
of the Research
This
research study aims at:
i.
Finding out which group perform better
academically: students who attend extramural classes or students who do not
attend extramural classes.
ii.
Finding out if extramural classes have
any positive influence on students academic performance.
1.4 Research
Questions
To carry out this research study, the
following questions need to be answered.
i.
Do students who attend extramural
classes perform better than those who do not attend extramural classes?
ii.
Do students who attend extramural
classes perform better more excellently than their counterparts who do not
attend extramural classes?
iii.
Is extramural classes a ticket to better
performance?
1.5 Research
hypotheses
Ho1: There
is no significant difference in performance of students who attend extramural
classes and those who not.
H02: Students
who attend extramural classes do not cope better in classroom activities than
their counterpart.
H03: Extramural
classes are only useful for preparation for professional examination.
1.6 Significant
of the Study
This
study would help the government to know if the goals of the NPE have been
achieved.
The study would also help the
government to know what steps to take if the goals are not being achieved.
The study will expose the difficulties
encountered in achieving or not achieving the set goals.
1.8
Limitation/Scope
of the Study
Although
this study is wide in range, it will be limited to some selected Junior
Secondary Schools in Ijebu-Ode Local Government of Ogun State.
1.8 Definition
of Terms
The
following terms were operationally defined:
Extramural classes: It
is an additional or outside usual study at a university, college, and other institutions
of learning.
Students: A
person who is studying at a college, university.
Academic performance: The
level of knowledge attained or skills developed in the school subject as a test
score, or marks assigned by teachers. It is also the level of success attained.
Social Studies:
It is the study that deals with man and various interactive between him and his
environment and the outcomes from such, which makes him to understands,
interpret such environment.
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