THE EVALUATION OF THE OPERATION OF NIGERIAN IMMIGRATION SERVICES IN THE CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF EXOTIC DISEASE IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ADALPALM NIGERIAN LTD)

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Product Code: 00002208

No of Pages: 43

No of Chapters: 5

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ABSTRACT

Although it is now generally acknowledged the operation of Nigeria Immigration service The Nigeria Immigration Service has witnessed series of changes since it was extracted from the Nigeria Police Force in 1958. The issue of poor service in most of our immigration service has become a dilapidating issue in the world. The quest to eradicate this treat in our country is the major and primary problem that is associated with this work.  Literature review The Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS) has witnessed series of changes since it was extracted from the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) in 1958. The Immigration Department, as it was known then, was entrusted with the core immigration duties under the headship of the Chief Federal Immigration Officer (CFIO). The department in its emergent stage inherited the Immigration Ordinance of 1958 for its operation. Research Methodology The aim of this chapter is to briefly intimate the reader with various research designs used by the researchers. The term methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures in which claims to knowledge are evaluated (Ojo, 2003). Presentation, Analysis And Interpretation Of Data This chapter deals with the presentations, analysis and interpretation of the data collected.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     THE BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY

1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4     SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

1.5     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.7     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

1.8     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.9    DEFINITION OF TERMS

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

2.0            LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     HISTORY OF NIGERIA IMMEGRATION SERVICE

2.2            FUNCTIONS OF NIGERIA IMMEGRATION SERVICE

2.3.1    REASONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF ERGONOMICS

2.5     JURISDICTIONAL COVERAGE OF NIGERIA IMMIGRATION SERVICE

2.4     WHO IS AN IMMIGRATION OFFICER

2.6     QUALITIES OF AN IMMIGRATION OFFICER

2.7     ORGANOGRAMS OF NIGERIA IMMIGRATION SERVICE

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1                      RESEARCH DESIGN

3.2     DATA COLLECTION

3.3     POPULATION OF THE STUDY

3.4            SAMPLING DESIGN AND PROCEDURES

3.5            DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT

3.6     DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0            PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

4.1     A BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE CHAPTER

4.2     RESPONDENTS CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION

4.3                      PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA ACCORDING TO RESEARCH QUESTIONS

4.4     TEST OF HYPOTHESES

4.5     CONCLUSION

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1     CONCLUSION

5.2            RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS) has witnessed series of changes since it was extracted from the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) in 1958. The Immigration Department as it was known then was entrusted with the core Immigration duties under the headship of the Chief Federal Immigration Officer (CFIO). The department in its embryo inherited the Immigration Ordinance of 1958 for its operation. At inception the department had a narrow operational scope and maintained a low profile and simple approach in attaining the desired goals and objectives of the government. During this period, only the Visa and Business Sections were set up.

On August 1st, 1963, Immigration Department came of age when it was formally established by an Act of Parliament (Cap 171, Laws of the Federation Nigeria). The head of the Department then was the Director of Immigration. Thus, the first set of Immigration officers were former NPF officers. It became a department under the control and supervision of the Federal Ministry of Internal Affairs (FMIA) as a Civil Service outfit.


1.1     THE BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY

Nigeria immigration service Owerri has two oil palm plantations namely, then Ohaji plantation and Umogu plantation.

The Ohaji plantation has been given its pride of place ever since the year 2005. Thus as at February 15 2010, the Ohaji plantation has no motorable access roads. Its palms were not pruned and about 65% of it was “colonized” by thick forest. There was zero replanting activity to sustain the plantation future and fortunes. At Umuogu Plantation, the Story was the same.


1.3     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This research work is aimed evaluate the operation of Nigeria immigration service in the control of exotic disease in Nigeria, using Imo State immigration service as the case study.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

There have been a lot of out break of disease, security challenges and illegal immigrant  in Nigeria and the world at large. Owing to this fact, the findings of this research work will be of great significant to Nigerian immigration service. Though the research work was carried out within Nigeria immigration service Owerri, the findings will be of great help to all Nigerian immigration service at large.

 

1.5     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The issue of poor service in most of our immigration service has become a dilapidating issue in the world. The quest to eradicate this treat in our country is the major and primary problem that is associated with this work. The secondary problem is on how to use immigration service to control the security challenges in the country.

 

1.7     STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis is a proposition that is stated in testable form and prediction of particular relationship between two or more variables.

Ho:    There is no significant relationship between Nigeria immigration service and the control of exotic disease in Nigeria.

Hi:     There is great significant relationship between Nigeria immigration service and the control of exotic disease in Nigeria.

 

1.8     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

For the sake of coherency and clarity, the scope of this work does not involve in totality all the means to eradicate exotic disease  but limits itself to the extending the immigration service on the security challenges in the country.

1.     Our resolve is to have an IT driven security outfit that can conveniently address the operational challenges of modern migration.

2.     To give the service a new sense of direction that can make it relevant at all times to the world security order and global trend.

 

1.9   DEFINITION OF TERMS

IMMIGRATION

Immigration is the movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native in order to settle there.

EXOTIC DISEASE

Exotic diseases are infectious diseases that normally do not occur in the region of your pig farm either because they have never been present there or because they were eradicated and then kept out by government control measures.

PREVENTION

The act of preventing or impeding.

CONTROL

The act of putting in order or reducing the effect of a particular entity.

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  • Anonymous

    5 minutes ago

    This study was designed to assess genetic diversity of TLR7 gene and its expression profile in the Nigerian indigenous chickens and ISA Brown layer chicken. The study population comprises eight (8) groups (naked neck, normal and frizzled-feathered Nigerian indigenous chickens in rain forest and Guinea Savannah regions respectively, Fulani ecotype chicken and ISA Brown layer chicken). Five (5) blood samples were collected from each chicken group. Genomic DNA was isolated from each blood sample using the Zymo Quick-gDNATM Miniprep kit. The DNA sequencing of chTLR7 gene was done using the Sanger Sequencing Chemistry. Tissues from the thymus and the liver were aseptically collected from Two (2) clinically healthy chickens from each chicken group and were immediately transferred into separate 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes containing 1 ml of RNALater solution. Total RNA was isolated using ISOLATE II RNA Mini kit. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using SensiFASTTM cDNA synthesis kit. The expression of chTLR7 RNA was determined by qPCR assay; β-actin was used as the reference gene. 26 SNPs, two deletions and two insertions in the intronic region of TLR7 gene in the Nigerian indigenous chicken population and ISA Brown commercial layer chicken were found. Haplotype analysis revealed 13 haplotypes out of which nine (9) were unique to the Nigerian indigenous chickens; three (3) haplotypes were shared between ISA Brown layer chicken and the Nigerian indigenous chickens, while one (1) haplotype was unique to the Red jungle fowl. Nucleotide diversity estimates ranged from 0 to 0.019, which were close to zero and suggest that the chicken populations were not genetically differentiated at TLR7 locus. Estimates of gene flow ranged from -0.096 to 0.400 and were close to zero. Genetic distance estimates ranged from 0.007 to 0.054 and were close to zero, which suggests that the chickens have a close ancestor. The estimates of nearest-neighbour statistic ranged from 0.227 to 0.714, which showed that the chicken populations were part of the same panmictic population, hence were not genetically differentiated (P>0.05) at the TLR7 locus. Phylogenetic analysis of TLR7 gene sequences of the genetic groups and the Red jungle fowl revealed very close relationship at the TLR7 locus, which suggests that the TLR7 locus is highly conserved. TLR7 expression in the liver and thymus was significantly different (P<0.01) among the eight chicken groups; the Nigerian indigenous chickens expressed more TLR7 gene than ISA Brown layer chicken. Rain forest naked neck chicken had significantly (P<0.01) highest TLR7 expression of 2.07±0.07 fold. However, expression of TLR7 gene in the liver of rain forest frizzle-feathered and normal chicken, Guinea savannah naked neck, frizzle-feathered and normal chicken, and Fulani ecotype chicken were similar (P>0.05). Gene expression analysis of TLR7 RNA suggests that the Nigerian indigenous chickens could have comparatively more antiviral immune response than ISA Brown commercial layer chicken, hence could be used to develop chickens lines with good antiviral response. Polymorphisms observed at TLR7 gene in the Nigerian indigenous chickens could be used in marker-assisted selection to produce chicken lines with good antiviral response. TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page i Declaration ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v Table of Contents vi List of Tables x List of figures xi List of Plates xii Abstract xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background Information on the Nigerian Indigenous Chickens 1 1.2 Brief Background on the ISA Brown Commercial Layer Chicken 4 1.3 Toll-like Receptor Seven (TLR7) Gene 5 1.4 Statement of Problem 7 1.5 Objectives of the Study 8 1.6 Justification 8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Origin of the Domestic Chicken 10 2.2 Genetic Diversity of the Domestic Chicken 10 2.3 Assessment of Genetic Diversity within and Between Chicken Populations 11 2.4 Genetic Markers for Assessing Genetic Diversity 12 2.4.1 Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers 13 2.4.2 Restricted fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) markers 14 2.4.3 Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) 15 2.4.4 Microsatellites 15 2.4.5 Mitochondrial DNA D-loop 16 2.4.6 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 16 2.4.6.1 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses in different chicken populations 18 2.5 Ecology and Genetic Profile of the Nigerian Indigenous Chicken Populations 21 2.6 Phenotypic Characteristics of the Nigerian Indigenous Chickens 22 2.7 Genetic Analysis of the Nigerian Indigenous Chickens Using Physiological and Biochemical Markers 30 2.8 Molecular (DNA-based) Analyses of the Nigerian Indigenous Chickens 35 2.8.1 Molecular genetic analyses of the Nigerian indigenous chickens using microsatellite markers 36 2.8.2 Molecular genetic analyses of the Nigerian indigenous chickens at mitochondrial DNA D-loop region 37 2.8.3 Molecular genetics analyses of the Nigerian indigenous chickens using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers 38 2.9 Toll-like Receptors (TLRS) 39 2.9.1 The chicken toll-like receptor repertoire 40 2.9.2 Molecular structure of the chicken TLRs 41 2.9.3 The chicken toll-like receptor genes and their roles in pathogen recognition 42 2.9.4 Molecular variants of TLR genes in avian species 44 2.9.5 The chicken toll-like receptor 7 (chTLR7) gene and its expression profile 47 2.9.6 Polymorphisms of chTLR7, and its association with viral diseases 50 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 54 3.1 Experimental Populations 54 3.2 Blood Sample Collection 55 3.3 Laboratory Analysis 55 3.4 Experiment 1: Analysis of Genetic Diversity at TLR7 Gene in the Nigerian Indigenous Chicken Populations and ISA Brown Commercial Layer Chicken Using DNA Sequencing 55 3.4.1 DNA extraction and protocol 55 3.4.2 DNA quantification and integrity 56 3.4.3 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers 56 3.4.4 Preparation of agarose gel 57 3.4.5 Electrophoresis of PCR products 57 3.4.6 Visualization of PCR products (amplicons) 58 3.4.7 Cleaning of amplicons 58 3.4.8 Agarose gel electrophoresis of cleaned amplicons 59 3.4.9 Sequencing of PCR products 59 3.4.10 Alignment and editing of sequences 59 3.4.11 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification and estimation of genetic diversity indices 59 3.4.12 Genetic distance estimation 60 3.4.13 Phylogenetic analysis 60 3.5 Experiment 2: Assessment of Evolutionary Relationship of TLR7 Gene in the Nigerian Indigenous Chickens, ISA Brown Layer Chicken and TLR7 Gene Sequences from Other Poultry Species in Genebank 60 3.5.1 Retrieval of DNA sequences from NCBI database 60 3.5.2 Multiple sequence alignment 61 3.5.3 Genetic distance estimation 61 3.5.4 Phylogenetic analysis 61 3.6 Experiment 3: Gene Expression Profile of TLR7 in Lymphoid Tissues of the Nigerian Indigenous Chickens and ISA Brown Commercial Layer Chicken 61 3.6.1 Experimental birds and management 61 3.6.2 Tissue collection 62 3.6.3 RNA extraction 62 3.6.4 RNA quantification and integrity 63 3.6.5 Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis 64 3.6.6 Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) 64 3.6.7 Assembling of qPCR data and statistical analysis 65 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66 4.1 PCR Optimization of chTLR7 Gene 66 4.2 Genetic Diversity at TLR7 Gene of Nigerian Indigenous Chickens and ISA Brown Commercial Layer Chicken 66 4.2.1 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and INDELs of TLR7 gene in the Nigerian indigenous chickens and ISA brown commercial layer chickens 66 4.2.2 TLR7 haplotype variations, nucleotide diversity, genetic differentiation and nearest-neighbour statistic 75 4.2.3 Genetic distance and relationship of TLR7 gene sequences in Nigerian indigenous chickens and ISA brown layer chicken 83 4.2.4 Phylogenetic analysis of TLR7 gene in Nigerian indigenous chicken populations and ISA brown commercial layer chicken 88 4.3 Evolutionary Relationship of TLR7 Gene in Nigerian Indigenous Chickens, ISA Brown Commercial Layer Chicken and TLR7 Gene Sequence from Other Poultry Species in Genebank 90 4.4 Expression Profile of TLR7 RNA in Lymphoid Tissues of the Nigerian Indigenous Chickens and ISA Brown Commercial Layer Chicken 94 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 98 5.1 Conclusion 98 5.2 Recommendations 99 References 100 Appendices 117

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