ABSTRACT
Salmonella species from the intestinal fluid of cows was screened for multidrug resistance. Out of 60 samples collected, 28(46.6%) were positive for Salmonella species while 32(53.4%) were negative. The Salmonella isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Sensitivity discs containing Ceftazidime (30µg), Cefuroxime, (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Cefixime (5µg), Ofloxacin (5µg), Augmentin (30µg), Nitrofurantoin (300µg) and Ciprofloxacin (5µg). Ofloxacin was found to be the most effective chemotherapeutic agent with 11(39.3%) sensitivity, while the highest resistance was recorded against Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime and Augmentin 28 (100%). Twenty five [(25)(89.3%)] were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics (multidrug resistance). The result of this study shows that cow intestine is the reservoir of multidrug resistant Salmonella species which is public threat being an important cause of zoonotic and community-acquired infections.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Certification
ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table
of contents v
List
of tables vii
Abstracts viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and Objectives 2
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature
Review 3
2.1
Salmonella sp 3
2.1.1 Salmonellosis 4
2.2 Definition
of Extended-Spectrum B-lactamases 7
2.3 First
report of ESBL producing salmonella enteric isolates 9
2.4 Salmonella,
E. coli /ESBLS in non-humans
hosts 11
2.5 Epidemiology
of ESBL-producing organisms 13
2.5.1 Global
Epidemiology 13
2.6 Mechanism
of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella 16
2.6.1 Aminoglycosides 16
2.6.2 Beta-lactams 17
2.6.3 Chloromphenicol 18
2.6.4 Quinolones 20
2.6.5 Tetracycline 21
2.6.6 Sulfonamide
and trimethoprime 22
2.7 Antibiotic
resistance Salmonella 23
2.8 Risk
factors for colonization and infection with ESBL producers 24
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 26
3.1 Sample collection 26
3.2 Materials 26
3.3 Media used 26
3.3.1 Media preparation 26
3.4 characterization and identification of Salmonella isolates 27
3.4.1 Microscopic Features 27
3.5 Gram
staining 27
3.6 Biochemical tests 28
3.6.1 Catalase test 28
3.6.4 Citrate test 28
3.6.5 Test for indole
production 29
3.6.6 Voges-Proskauer (VP)
reaction 29
3.6.7 Methyl Red test 29
3.6.8 Oxidase Test 30
3.7 Sugar fermentation 30
3.8 Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing 30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 32
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussion
38
5.1 Conclusion 39
5.2 Recommendation
39
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLE
Tables Title of tables Page
1 Characterization and identification
of Salmonella species 33
2
Prevalence of Salmonella species from cow intestinal
fluid 34
3 Diameter
zone of inhibition of salmonella
species isolate 35
4 The
percentage sensitivity of the Salmonella species
isolated to different antibiotic 36
5 Percentage
occurrence of the Salmonella species
for MDR 37
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The genus Salmonella
consists of rod shaped, Gram-negative, flagellated, facultative anaerobes, and
belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae (Salehi et al., 2005). The genus consists of two separate species;
Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica and encompasses over 2500 known
serotypes, all of which are considered potential human pathogen (Baggesen et al., 2000). Salmonellae causing human
disease are traditionally divided into a small number of human-restricted
invasive typhoidal serotypes (S. enteric var. Typhi and S. enterica var.
Paratyphi A) and thousands of non typhoidal Salmonella serotypes commonly known
as NTS serotypes, which typically have a broad vertebrate host range and cause
various presentations that usually include diarrhoeal disease (Gordon et al., 2012).
Salmonella is an important cause of foodborne infections with a broad host
spectrum (Wei et al., 2011). It is
frequently isolated from environmental sources that serve as relay for the
bacteria and play a major role in its spread between different hosts
(Liljebjelke et al., 2005). S.
enterica remains a formidable public health challenge (Cummings et al., 2012) and with a reported
increase in its incidence (CDC, 2011). Salmonellosis can result in a number of
disease symptoms including gastroenteritis, bacteremia, typhoid fever and focal
infections (Darwin and Miller, 1999). Certain cases of salmonellosis are severe
and often require antimicrobial therapy for treatment, thus, resistance to
antimicrobial drugs is a great concern (Marrero-Ortiz et al., 2012).
Salmonella species are becoming increasingly resistant, making it more
difficult to treat patients with severe infections (Rusul et al., 2012). This makes multidrug resistant Salmonella an important subject area of research and a major
concern for food safety (Rusul et al.,
2012). An estimated 94% of Salmonella
infections are foodborne (Scallan et al.,
2011) and consistent contamination with irrigation waters and animal manure has been shown to be a
common route of crop contamination in produce related Salmonella outbreaks (Levantesi et
al., 2012). Several epidemiological studies lend support to the role
contaminated irrigation water and animal manure serve as transmission vehicles
of enteric pathogens to fresh produce (Erickson and Doyle, 2012). Typhoid fever
(enteric fever) caused by the bacterium Salmonella
is an endemic tropic and sub tropic disease (Adabara et al., 2012). It accounts for several cases of morbidities and
mortalities in Nigeria (Ibekwe et al.,
2008) affecting both young children and adults (Akinyemi et al., 2005). In Lagos, Nigeria, out of 85, 187 confirmed cases of
Salmonella associated diseases, 880
deaths were recorded between 1999 and 2008, giving a case-fatality rate of
1.03% (Akinyemi et al., 2012).
The true incidence of Salmonella-associated diseases is difficult
to evaluate because of lack of epidemiological surveillance systems especially
in developing countries like Nigeria (Akinyemi et al., 2012). Many cases are either not documented or many milder
cases are not diagnosed or reported (Olowe et
al., 2007). The disease is systemic and is often contracted by ingestion of
food or water contaminated with the pathogen usually from a feaco-oral source
(Adabara et al., 2012). This work
therefore screens cow intestine for the presence of multidrug resistant E. coli.
1.0
Aims and Objectives:
The aim of this work is:
1.
To isolate Salmonella sp. from the intestines of
cow.
2.
To determine the antibiogram
of the Salmonella sp
3.
Screening of Salmonella sp. from cow intestine for
multidrug resistance
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment