ABSTRACT
This study was designed to ascertain the
bio-sorbent potential of plantain peels on some selected inorganic anion
pollutants in brewery effluent. Four different concentrations comprising of 0
(untreated), 5, 10 and 20 mg/ml of 0, 2, 4 and 8 g of ground plantain peels
dissolved in 400 ml of brewery effluent were prepared. Qualitative and
quantitative determination of chloride ion (Clˉ), Nitrate ion (NO3ˉ),
Phosphate ion (PO43ˉ) and Sulphate ion (SO42ˉ)
on treated and untreated effluents were carried out after 1 hour, 5 hours, 10
hours, 15 hours and 20 hours using standard laboratory techniques including
spectrophotometric method. Results showed that decrease in concentration of the
selected anions is time and concentration dependent when both ripe and unripe
plantain peels adsorbents were used but it is more significant in the unripe
plantain peels. Therefore, both ripe and unripe plantain peels could serve as
novel bio-sorbents waste water treatment. Analysis of inorganic anions (Cl-,
NO3-, PO43-and SO42-)
concentrations of untreated brewery effluent samples were within the range of
5.27mg/l – 529mg/l with nitrate ion (NO3-) recording
highest and phosphate ion (PO43-) having the lowest
value. After treatment, their concentrations decreased within the range of
430.07mg/l – 3.87mg/l (nitrate – phosphate respectively) for the ripe plantain
and 521.40mg/l – 4.36mg/l (nitrate – phosphate respectively) for the unripe
plantain. This is an indication that unripe plantain absorbed more of the
inorganic anions from the water body than the ripe plantain.
The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used to determine the
suitability of the adsorption process. The Freundlich
isotherm was the most suitable model for this sorption system and it suggested
that the adsorption sites were non-uniform and non-specific in nature. The Freundlich
isotherms exhibit extremely high R2 values indicating, superficially
at least, that it produces a considerably better fit compared to the Langmuir
isotherm.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xii
Abstract xiv
1`.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background
of the study 1
1.2 The
scope of the study 3
1.3 Problem
statement 3
1.4 Significant
of the study 5
1.5 Aim
and objectives of the Study 6
1.6 Justification
of the study 7
2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 What
is Effluent? 9
2.2 Legislation
and Environmental Management System 10
2.3 Industrial
Effluent 11
2.4 Brewery
Effluent 19
2.5 Wastewater
Treatment 21
2.6 Brewery:
An Overview 21
2.7 Brewing
Process 22
2.8 Sources
of Effluent from Brewery Plant 26
2.9 Characterization
of Brewery Effluent 27
2.10 Composition
of Brewery Wastewater 27
2.11 Conventional
methods of pre-treating Brewery Wastewater 28
2.11.1 Physical
Methods of wastewater treatment 34
2.11.2 Chemical
Methods of wastewater treatment 34
2.11.3 Biological
Methods of wastewater treatment 35
2.11.3.1 Aerobic biological wastewater
treatment 36
2.11.3.2 Anaerobic biological wastewater
treatment 37
2.12 Treatment
method of Brewery wastewater for reuse 39
2.13 Absorbent
39
2.14 Plantain
(Musa Paradisiaca) peels as an
adsorbent 40
2.15 Adsorption
isotherm 45
2.15.1 Basic Adsorption Isotherm 45
2.15.2 The Langmuir
Isotherm 47
2.15.3 The
Freundlich Isotherm 47
3.0 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 49
3.1 Collection
of Industrial Effluent Samples 49
Page
3.2 Source
of the Plantain peels 50
3.3 Preparation
of Bio–sorbent Precursor 50
3.4 Experimental
Procedure 51
3.5 Determination
of Inorganic Anions 52
3.5.1 Determination
of Chloride ion (Argentometric Method) 52
3.5.2 Determination
of Nitrate ion (Colorimetric Method) 52
3.5.3 Determination
of Phosphate ion (Ascorbic Acid Method) 53
3.5.4 Determination
of the Sulphate ion (Turbidometric Method) 54
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 55
4.1 Result
Presentation 55
4.2 Data
Comparison 63
4.3 Efficiency
Calculation 67
4.4 The
results of the isotherms 71
4.5 Discussion 87
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION 91
5.1 Conclusion
91
5.2 Recommendation 92
References 93
Appendix
1 Descriptive statistical
analysis of the effect of ripe and unripe plantain treatment of effluent from
pabod brewery 102
Appendix 2 Raw Data 107
Appendix 3 Data for adsorbtion isotherm
calculation 112
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Analysis
of parameters of untreated brewery effluent 28
Table 2.2 Characteristics
of Brewery wastewater 29
Table 2.3 Wastewater
treatment unit operations and process 31
Table
2.4 Generic advantages and
Disadvantages of conventional and non-
conventional
wastewater treatment technology 33
Table
2.5 Anaerobic treatment as
compared to aerobic treatment 38
Table
2.6 Proximate composition of dried
plantain peels 43
Table
2.7 Mineral content analysis of
dried plantain 44
Table
4.1 Result of chloride ion
concentration in brewery effluent treated with
varying
masses of ripe plantain peels for different time 55
Table
4.2 Result of chloride ion
concentration in brewery effluent treated with
varying
masses of unripe plantain peels for different time 56
Table
4.3 Result of nitrate ion
concentration in brewery effluent treated with
varying
masses of ripe plantain peels for different time 57
Table
4.4 Result of nitrate ion
concentration in brewery effluent treated with
varying
masses of unripe plantain peels for different time 58
Table
4.5 Result of phosphate ion
concentration in brewery effluent treated with
varying
masses of ripe plantain peels for different time 59
Table
4.6 Result of phosphate ion
concentration in brewery effluent treated with
varying
masses of unripe plantain peels for different time 60
Table
4.7 Result of sulphate ion
concentration in brewery effluent treated with
varying
masses of ripe plantain peels for different time 61
Table
4.8 Result of sulphate ion
concentration in brewery effluent treated with
varying
masses of unripe plantain peels for different time 62
Table
4.9 Comparison of chloride ion
concentrations of effluent treated with
varying
masses of ripe and unripe plantain peel at varying times 63
Table
4.10 Comparison of nitrate ion
concentrations of effluent treated with
varying
masses of ripe and unripe plantain peel at varying times 64
Table
4.11 Comparison of phosphate ion
concentrations of effluent treated with
varying
masses of ripe and unripe plantain peel at varying times 65
Table
4.12 Comparison of sulphate ion
concentrations of effluent treated with
varying
masses of ripe and unripe plantain peel at varying times 66
Table
4.13 Efficiency Calculation of the
ripe plantain in percentage 67
Table
4.14 Efficiency Calculation of the
unripe plantain in percentage 68
Table
4.15 Comparisons of the efficiencies
of the varying masses of ripe and
unripe
plantain peels at varying times all percentage 69
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Flow Diagram of a Typical
Brewery Industry 25
Figure 2. 2: Beer production and brewery
wastewater treatment 26
Figure
2.3: Basic Adsorption Isotherm 46
Figure 3.1: Aerial mapping
showing the location coordinates of Pabod Brewery International, Port
Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria 49
Figure 3.2: Milling Machine 51
Figure 4.1: Langmuir isotherm for chloride ion adsorption
on ripe plantain peels 71
Figure 4.2: Langmuir isotherm for chloride ion adsorption
on unripe plantain peels 72
Figure 4.3: Freundlich isotherm for chloride ion adsorption
on ripe plantain peels 73
Figure 4.4: Freundlich isotherm for chloride ion adsorption
on unripe plantain peels 74
Figure 4.5: Langmuir isotherm for nitrate ion adsorption on
ripe plantain peels 75
Figure 4.6: Langmuir isotherm for nitrate ion adsorption on
unripe plantain peels 76
Figure 4.7: Freundlich isotherm for nitrate ion adsorption on
ripe plantain peels 77
Figure 4.8: Freundlich isotherm for nitrate ion adsorption
on unripe plantain peels 78
Figure 4.9: Langmuir isotherm for phosphate ion adsorption
on ripe plantain peels 79
Figure 4.10: Langmuir isotherm for phosphate ion adsorption
on unripe plantain peels80
Figure 4.11: Freundlich isotherm for phosphate ion
adsorption on ripe plantain peels 81
Figure 4.12:Freundlich isotherm for phosphate ion
adsorption on unripe plantain peels82
Figure
4.13: Langmuir isotherm for sulphate ion adsorption on ripe plantain peels
83
Figure 4.14: Langmuir isotherm for sulphate ion adsorption
on unripe plantain peels 84
Figure 4.15: Freundlich isotherm for sulphate ion
adsorption on ripe plantain peels 85
Figure 4.16: Freundlich isotherm for Sulphate ion
adsorption on unripe plantain peels 86
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Effluents from industries in developing
countries like Nigeria and most other African countries are in most cases
discharged into the adjoining environment affecting the water bodies and the
habitants. Many at times, this wastewater are untreated or inadequately treated
before being released, which has become a perturbing occurrence due to its
impact on environmental health and safety. The quality of wastewater effluents
is responsible for the degradation of the receiving water habitants.
Since large amounts of wastewater
effluents are being passed through sewage treatment plants on a daily basis, there
is a need for correction in order to diminish the overall impacts of these
effluents in the receiving water bodies. More importantly, there is need for
adequate treatment of this wastewater before they are discharged in order to
comply with wastewater legislations and guidelines.
The need to treat this wastewater is very
important as the discharged water is used for domestic purposes in the
environment where they are released. Chemical agents frequently used in the
treating of industrial waste water constitute potential health hazards to both
aquatic and human lives. The use of natural, biodegradable biological agents
have proved to be environmental friendly.
Ions like sulphate in water causes
catharsis (which is releasing, cleansing, purging or purification of feelings
and emotions) in adult males (Cocchetto and Levy, 1981; Morris and Levy, 1983);
chloride
increases the electrical conductivity of water and thus increases its corrosiveness. In metal pipes, chloride reacts with metal ions to form soluble salts, thus
increasing levels of metals in drinking-water.
Phosphate ion when it is too much of it in water, it can speed up eutrophication
(a reduction in dissolved oxygen in water
bodies caused by an increase of mineral and organic nutrients) of rivers and
lakes. However, excess levels of
nitrates in water can create conditions that make
it difficult for aquatic insects or fish to survive.
Like any other industry, the brewing
industry is subject to extensive government regulations. Furthermore, the
management of environmental issues is of growing interest nowadays. There is a
need to understand the important environmental impacts on the community and
then consider the advantages and disadvantages associated with various levels
of environmental management.
In recent years, there is greater
environmental awareness on the need to treat wastewater effluent before
discharging into receiving water bodies. This has necessitated methods for the
removal of contaminants from wastewater (Zahra, 2012). Emphasis is placed on
the treatment of industrial wastewater effluent since local and international authorities
require that wastewaters from industries be treated and made to meet set
standards before they are discharged into the water bodies. The need of safe
and economical methods for the removal of inorganic ions and other contaminants
in waters has developed interest towards the search for low cost treatment alternatives.
There is therefore need for agro-based, in-expensive adsorbents to be explored
and their feasibility to remove these contaminants, studied (Uttam and Rajesh,
2013).
In recent years, several natural products,
usually considered waste, such as peanut shells, corn cob, plantain peels,
coconut shell, banana peels and apple waste, have been reported to be used in
the removal of inorganic ions (Namasivayam and Sangeetha, 2005; Castro et al., 2011). Okereke et al., (2013), however suggested other
devices like resin ion – exchanger, sand – bed filter, activated carbon filter,
micron filter, reverse osmosis membrane filter, ozonator and UV – sterilizer in
purifying water in homes and industries. There is the paucity of information on
the removal efficiency of inorganic anions from brewery effluents using ripe
and unripe musa paradisiaca (plantain)
peels, hence this study.
1.2
THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The coverage of this study is to evaluate
to what extent or level can plantain (musa
paradisiaca) peel be used as a form of adsorbent of the selected anions
from brewery effluent. This informed the graduation of the concentration of the
adsorbent under the observation of varying time. Time index is of a great
importance in this study as absorption of any substrate is proportional to time
of exposure.
1.3
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Nigeria’s brewery industry has been identified as an important sector
under the government’s economic recovery strategy. The
industry is at the maturity stage of its life cycle but still remains one of
the striving industries in the Nigerian manufacturing sector. The brewery industry has a high potential for commodity development to
address pertinent issues of socio economic importance, which impact on rural
development, employment and wealth creation. Nigeria’s brewery industry has
shown an increase of tanneries over the years, a sign that the industry is
poised for growth. However, with tanneries being identified with the highest
levels of water consumption and as one of the largest noxious industrial
sectors, appropriate technologies are required for optimized water use and
environmental quality control.
Wastewaters from these brewery industries are high contents of anions, alkaline
and organic substances. If this wastewater is discharged without adequate treatment
it ends up in water resources causing pollution to adjacent rivers, streams as well
as groundwater. This would result in serious environmental impacts including toxicity
to microorganisms, plants, animals and humans (Hlihor and Gavrilescu, 2009).
Although conventional and advanced methods of anions removal like precipitation
and coagulation, ion exchange and reverse osmosis are available (Rawat and
Singh, 1992), these technologies are not practical for low income countries
because of their high investment, operation and maintenance costs. The most
common method of treatment used in Nigerian’s brewery is the chemical precipitation
method. Chemical precipitation is however expensive due to the high operating
costs and also results in large amounts of sludge which creates a challenge in its
disposal.
Adsorption technology is recognized
as one of the most effective purification and separation technique used in
industry especially in water and wastewater treatment (Al- Ashesh et al.,
2000). Although the commercially available
adsorbents are efficient in removal of heavy metals, they are high cost and some cannot be
regenerated and recycled. A number of approaches have been recently studied for the
development of cheaper and more effective adsorbents for metal removal. Many
non-conventional low cost adsorbents, including natural materials, bio-sorbents,
and waste materials have been studied and proposed by several researchers (Bailey et al., 1999; Dakiky et al., 2002; Demirkas et al.,
2004; Kilonzo et al., 2012). In
Nigeria however, some research work have been done to explore different materials
(adsorbents) that may be employed in adsorption for the treatment of brewery
wastewater. In line with this, the thought of exploring the adsorbent potential
of plantain (musa paradisiaca) peel
on brewery effluent.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The constituents of brewery effluent fluid
can be classified as: physical, chemical and biological. The
important chemical characteristics of effluent fluid are determined by the pH
value, chloride content, nitrogen, fat and grease content, sulphides,
sulphates, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen
demand.
The significance of this study presents
the need to remove these anions of interest from brewery effluent fluid to a
great extend in order to keep the discharged water after brewery processes save
for plants and the ecosystem.
Cheap agro bio-sorbent as plantain (musa paradisiaca) peel,
can significantly contributes to the management of pollution and at the
same time it is environmental friendly. In line with the management of the
ecosystem and improvement of the quality of water released to the environmental
water body, plantain (musa paradisiaca) peel
serves as a good bio-sorbent. By this, quality of life is improved and life is
being preserved.
1.5 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
aim of this research work is to ascertain the bio-sorbent potential of plantain
(musa
paradisiaca) peels on some
selected inorganic anion pollutants in brewery effluent.
Specific objectives:
- To prepare the bio-sorbent precursor (ripe and unripe plantain
peels)
- To qualitatively identify
the present of some selected inorganic anions present in brewery effluent
before and after treatment
- To also quantitatively determine these inorganic anions in brewery effluents
before and after treatment using spectrophotometric method as described by
APHA (1998).
- To determine the
physico-chemical characteristics of plantain (musa paradisiaca) peels as adsorbent materials.
- To evaluate the effect
of contact time, initial concentration on removal of anions by adsorption
on plantain (musa paradisiaca) peels.
- To determine the
effect of time and adsorbent depth in anion removal from brewery
wastewater.
- To investigate the
effectiveness of plantain (musa
paradisiaca) peels for the adsorption of specific anions from brewery
effluent solution using adsorption isotherm models.
- To
use the adsorption isotherm curves through the isotherm equations to
determine the suitability of the isotherm equations to describe the
adsorption process.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
Efficient methods of anion removal from brewery wastewater are important
to attain environmental quality standards. Adsorption has been identified as
one of the most promising technology for removal of dissolved anions from
wastewater. It has an edge over other conventional methods due to its
sludge free clean operation. Although commercial adsorbents are available for use in
adsorption, they are very expensive, resulting in various new low cost adsorbents being
studied by researchers. A lot of research has gone
on the review of the technical feasibility of various low-cost adsorbents for
anion removal from wastewater and concluded that the use of low-cost adsorbents
may contribute to the sustainability of the surrounding environment and offer promising
benefits for commercial purpose in the future.
Constructed wetland utilization in treatment of brewery wastewater has
been observed to be an effective method. Thus this study sought to explore the
potential of using plantain (musa
paradisiaca) peel as adsorption media for anion
removal from brewery wastewater. These materials, having been utilized in
removal of other heavy metals from aqueous solution (Zahra et al., 2013),
were selected for this particular study to test them for the removal of anions.
Research studies on effect of pH, contact time, initial ion concentration and
temperature on the adsorptive capacities of chromium using different adsorbent
materials have also been conducted (Vinodhini and Nilanjana, 2009).
Understanding how these parameters affect different adsorbents is key in
evaluating the optimum adsorption conditions for the different adsorbents. This
study hence sought to understand the effect of contact time and concentration on
adsorption of anions by plantain (musa
paradisiaca) peels.
The results of this study provide valuable insight into the behavior and
nature of these selected anions uptake by plantain (musa paradisiaca) peels, and hence help in development of techniques and methods of
increasing adsorptive capacities of the anions. The knowledge acquired from
this study also provides valuable information for brewery industries and
researchers on potential use of low cost adsorbent technologies of treating the
wastewater.
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