PREPARATION OF STARCH AND POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FILM

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ABSTRACT


Starch is a natural polymer which possesses many unique properties and some shortcoming simultaneously. Some synthetic polymers are biodegradable and can be tailor-made easily. Therefore, by combining the individual advantages of starch and synthetic polymers, starch-based completely biodegradable polymers (SCBP) are potential for applications in biomedical and environmental fields. Therefore it received great attention and was extensively investigated. The research aimed to evaluate the physical and thermal properties of various potential starch, i.e. cassava, and polyvinyl chloride. Granule size, thermal property, and functional group of starch were determined by FTIR.




 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Title Page                                                                                 i         

DECLARATION                                                                                                                 ii

CERTIFICATION                                                                                                               iii

DEDICATION                                                                                                                      iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                                                                  v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                  vi

List of Figures                                                                                                                       viii

List of Abbreviations                                                                                                            ix

ABSTRACT                                                                                                                          x

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION                                                                                                           1        

1.1Types of biodegradable polymers                                                                                       2                                                                                          1.2 Synthetic polymers                                                                                                            2

1.3 Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers                                                                   3

1.3.1 Starch                                                                                                                              4

1.4. Biodegradation test                                                                                                          5

1.5. Mechanical properties                                                                                                       5

1.6 AIM OF THE WORK                                                                                                       6

1.7 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK                                                                                         7

1.7 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM                                                                                7

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                             8

2.1 STARCH BLENDING                                                                                                    8

2.2 P0LYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)                                                                                  10

2.3 STARCH/PVC BIODEGRADABLE BLEND                                                              10

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 MATERIALS AND METHOD                                                                                                14

3.1 MATERIALS                                                                                                                   14

3.1.1 Equipments and Reagent                                                                                               14

3.2 METHODS                                                                                                                       14

3.2.1 Extraction of starch                                                                                                        14

3.3 Dry matter (DM) content of starch, pulp and flour:                                                         15

3.4 Preparation of the Starch/PVC blends                                                                                  16

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                                                                                                17

4.1 Results                                                                                                                              17

4.2 FTIR result of cassava starch                                                                                            17

4.3 FTIR result of PVC                                                                                                          17

4.4 FTIR result of cassava starch blended with PVC                                                                        18

4.5 Discussion                                                                                                                         19

4.6 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) OF STARCH AND PVC                                        19

4.7 FTIR analysis of starch                                                                                                     20

4.8 FTIR OF PVC                                                                                                                  20

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCE                               22

5.1 Conclusion                                                                                                                        22

5.2 Recommendations                                                                                                                        22

5.3 References                                                                                                                                    23

 

 



 

List of Figures


Figure          Description                                                                                           Page

1.0                             Chemical structure of starch.                                                                 4                                                                    

2.0                             Chemical structure of PVC                                                                   8         

   3.0                extraction of starch                                                                                        13

   3.1              flour production                                                                                    13

   4.0               FTIR result of cassava                                                                         15

   4.1               FTIR result of PVC                                                                             16

   4.3               FTIR result of blended starch and pvc                                                            16                               

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of Abbreviations

 

FTIR                                            Fourier Transform Infrared

PVC                                             polyvinyl chloride

TGA                                             Thermal gravimetric analysis

TPS                                               Thermoplastic starch

CSV                                              Cassava starch

PLA                                              Polylactic acid or polylactide

PHB                                              Polyhydroxybutyrate 

PHAs                                            Polyhydroxyalkanoates

PCL                                              Polycaprolactone

SCBP                                         Starch-based completely biodegradable polymers

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                    

Biodegradable polymers are defined as polymers that can be transformed into carbon dioxide, water, methane, and other products with low molecular weight through a degradation process. The chemical process of biodegradation is a series of reactions which occur through the presence of living organisms,e.g., bacteria,fungi, yeast, algae, and insects at specific conditions of light, temperature, oxygen (aerobic or anaerobic conditions), and other variable (Encalada et al., 2018).

Biobased and biodegradable polymers have an extensive range of applications such as pharmaceutical, biomedical, horticulture, agriculture, consumer electronics, automotive, textiles and packaging, the last being perhaps one of the most common applications. Many biodegradable poly mers are available, namely, polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and polyesteramide (PEA), (Soroudi et al., 2013).. Even so, in some cases, The high cost of producing biodegradable polymers prevents them from being used as substitutes for traditional polymers (Girones et al., 2012).

An attractive alternative to the development of biopolymers is the use of natural raw materials such as starch, lignin, collagen, cellulose; moreover, starch offers a myriad of possibilities for producing environmentally- friendly materials with potential for mass commercial use (Gironès et al., 2012). Starch is a polysaccharide that comes from tubers, roots, and grains. Traditionally, starch has played an important role as a food ingredient, but it is starting to be used in other applications, such as paper, pharmaceuticals, and textiles (Laycock et al., 2014).Native starches experiment high degradation rates, and many shortcomings are associated with their limited mechanical properties and processability problems (Tang & Alavi 2011)

Researchers have evaluated some methods of fulfilling all industry requirements in order to improve functional properties. Various processes including plasticization, physical, chemical, enzymatic and genetic modifications have been studied (Neelam et al., 2012), however, starch/biodegradable polymers blends seem to be the most promising way to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of native starch (Marjadi  2011). Consequently, the aim of this Work is to analyze the current state of the art of starch blends with biodegradable polymers.


1.1 Types of biodegradable polymers

There are two types of polymers: synthetic and natural. Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers. Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, Teflon, and epoxy.Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. They are often water-based. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk, wool, DNA, cellulose and proteins. (Vroman et al., 2009).


1.2 Synthetic polymers

As well known, synthetic polymer materials have been widely used in every field of human activity during last decades, i.e. post-Staudinger times (Jiang et al 2019). These artificial macromolecular substances are usually originating from petroleum and most of the conventional ones are regarded as non-degradable (Neelam et al., 2012). However, the petroleum resources are limited and the blooming use of non-biodegradable polymers has caused serious environmental problems. In addition, the non-biodegradable polymers are not suitable for temporary use such as sutures. Thus, the polymer materials which are degradable and/or biodegradable have being paid more and more attention since 1970s (Neelam et al., 2012). Both synthetic polymers and natural polymers that contain hydrolytically or enzymatically labile bonds or groups are degradable. The advantages of synthetic polymers are obvious, including predictable properties, batch-to-batch uniformity and can be tailored easily. In spite of this, they are quite expensive. This reminds us to focus on natural polymers, which are inherently biodegradable and can be promising candidates to meet different requirements (Calmon et al 1999).


Synthetic polymers materials come mainly from petroleum sources; however these materials are able to decompose, which is evaluated by standardized tests such asISO 1708, ASTM D6400,ASTM D6868, ASTM D5338, and CSN EN 13432(Remar, 2011).


PVC has excellent gas barrier properties, high strength, tear, adhesive, flexibility, water absorption, and bonding characteristics (Priya et al., 2014). Industrially, PVC is used in the manufacturing of biodegradable films as well as adhesives and paper coatings the utilization of natural polymers for nonfood (Encalada, et al., 2018).


However, PVC has drawbacks of high cost and slow anaerobic degradation.The degradation rate strongly depends on the quantity of residual acetate groups.The low biodegradation rate of PVC has encouraged research into economically viable ways of blending PVA with biodegradable polymers such as starch and protein.(Guo 2014).


1.3 Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers

Uses can be traced back to ancient times. Skin and bone parts of animals, plant fibers, starch, silk, etc.,are typical examples of the natural polymers used in different periods of the human history.the development of natural polymers was significantly hindered due to the advent of low-cost petrochemical polymers. It was only about two decades ago that intensive research on natural polymers was revived, primarily due to the issues of environmental pollution and the depletion of fossil oils. Modern technologies provide new insights of the synthesis, structures, and properties of the natural polymers. These new findings have enabled developments of natural polymers with novel processing characteristics and properties, which can be used for many more advanced applications. This section deals with three major natural polymers: starch, cellulose, and SP. All of them have primarily been used as human and animal foods through history. New developments have allowed them to be used as a material component in polymer blends and composites to make biodegradable products.


1.3.1 Starch

Starch is the one of the most abundant renewable, biodegradable, and natural polymers which it good for alternative for synthetic polymers (Jiang et al 2019). Starch is a biopolymer which possesses many properties. It can be obtained from wheat, cassava, maize and potatoes. Because it is a biodegradable polymer with well-defined chemical properties, it has a huge potential as a versatile renewable resource for various material applications in various areas (Benabid and Zouai   2016).


Starch is traditionally the largest source of carbohydrates in human diet. Being a polysaccharide polymer, starch has been intensively studied in order to process it into a thermoplastic polymer in the hope of partially replacing some petrochemical polymers (Jiang and Zhang 2013). In its natural form, starch is not meltable and therefore cannot be processed as a thermoplastic. However, starch granules can be thermoplasticized through a gelatinization process. In this process, the granules are disrupted and the ordered crystalline structure is lost under the influence of plasticizers (e.g., water and glycerol), heat, and shear. The resultant melt processable starch is often termed.



Figure 1.0 Chemical structure of starch.

   

1.4 BIODEGRADATION TEST 

According to an ISO standard (ISO846-9 7) the biodegradation of polymers is determined by the visual and/or measurement of changes in mass and physical properties. There are also ASTM, DIN and other standard methods. However, three different categories of test methods are generally employed, depending on requirements (Calmon et al 1999). These include field tests, simulation tests and laboratory tests. Each of these has its specific merits and demerits. In field tests, the sample is placed in soil, a lake, river or compost and the physical and chemical changes are monitored during the exposure time. Although this test seems to most closely resemble actual environmental conditions, it has serious disadvantages such as difficulties in controlling the test parameters and the exact monitoring of changes occurring during testing. This test alone cannot therefore prove the biodegradation of a polymeric product. In simulation tests, the sample is placed in compost, soil or sea water in a laboratory controlled system, so that test parameters such as pH, humidity and temperature can be controlled (Solaro et al 1998). However, the most reproducible biodegradation test is the laboratory test, where well-defi ned man-made media are inoculated with mixed microbes or a particular strain of microbe to bring about the biodegradation of a polymeric product.


1.5 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The environmental concerns about the plastic wastes are increasing, promoting the development of suitable alternatives for petroleum based polymers, and starch is a promisor biopolymer from renewable resources to produce biodegradable materials. However, the mechanical properties of these materials are poor, being necessary the development of blends with others biodegradable polymers to improve its mechanical and barrier properties (Zanela et al 2019).


Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic water-soluble biopolymer, which possesses good mechanical and thermal properties as well as good transparency and resistance to oxygen permeation. Nonetheless, it has low degradation rates in some environments such as in soil along with relatively high cost and poor water resistance owing to the presence of hydroxyl groups in repeating units of PVA (Gupta et al., 2013; Aslam et al., 2018). Blending PVA with starch gives rise to the high improvement of biodegradability and cost reduction (Abdullah et al., 2017). Stach is a completely biodegradable polymer in soil and compost, which is abundant as a spare storage in plants with non-toxic and relatively low-cost features. However, it is hard to process due to the high brittleness and limited flexibility (Abdullah & Dong 2019; Jolanta et al., 2018).


The tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and elongation at break were analyzed in a texture analyzer (model TA.XT2i, Stable Micro Systems, England) with an initial distance between the grips of 30 mm and a crosshead speed of 0.8 mm.s-1, according to ASTM D882-02  method, with some modifications. Ten samples from each treatment (50 mm in length and 20 mm in width) were conditioned in a desiccator with controlled relative humidity and temperature (53 ± 2% and 23 ± 2 °C respectively) for some hours before analysis. For puncture analysis, ten specimens from each treatment were conditioned as described above and punctured perpendicularly with a 6.35 mm diameter cylindrical probe at a velocity of 2.0 mm.s-1(Zanela et al 2018). The puncture elongation (mm) was characterized as the maximum elongation supported by the sheet. The puncture strength (N/mm) was obtained by dividing the maximum force by the sheet thickness (Zanela et al 2018).


1.6 AIM OF THE WORK

The aim of the work was to study the biodegradable of starch, extracted from cassava and biodegradable blends starch with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). mechanical properties of extruded starch/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Blending starches aims to reduce the production cost; to improve barrier properties and dimensional stability; to decrease the hydrophilic character of starch; and increase its biodegradability.


1.7 OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK

·         To extract starch from cassava tuber.

·         To prepare starch and polyvinyl Chloride.

·         The blend starch and polyvinyl chloride also characterized using fourier transform infrared (FTIR)

·         This research aimed to evaluate the physical and thermal properties of various potential starch, i.e. cassava, and polyvinyl chloride. Granule size, thermal property, and functional group of starch were determined by optical microscopy, DSC, and FTIR, respectively.

         

1.7 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Native starches exhibit some limitations mostly related to mechanical integrity, thermal stability, and humidity absorption. Because of these limitations, starches are often blended with other materials to enhance their properties.



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