TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
Statement of the
Problem
Objectives of the Study
Research
Questions
Research Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Scope
of the study
Operational
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
Conceptual
Review
Meaning
of Mobile Phone
Mobile Phone and its Emergence in Nigeria
The Challenges of Using
the Mobile phone as a Teaching/Learning Resource
Handling the Challenges of Using the Mobile phone as
a Learning Device
The Benefits of Using
the Mobile phone as a Learning Resource
Mobile
Phone and Education
Mobile Phone and
Etiquette
The Use of Mobile
Phone Technologies on Academic Performance
Possibilities in Mobile Learning
Concept
of Students’ Performance
Factors
that Influence Student’s Educational Performance
Theoretical Review
Constructivist
Theory of Learning
Empirical Review
Conceptual Model
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Population
of Study
Sample Size and Sampling Technique
Research
Instrument
Validity
of Instrument
Reliability
of Instrument
Procedure
for Data Collection
Method
of Data Analysis
Model Specification of the Effect of Mobile Phone
Usage on Secondary School
Students’
Academic Performance
Decision Rule
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Response
Rate
Distribution of Students According
to Mobile Phone Usage Items
Test
of Hypotheses
Decision for Test of Hypothesis III
Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary of Major Findings
Conclusion
Recommendations
Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Further Studies
REFERENCES
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
In this era of globalization and
technological revolution, education is considered as a first step for every
human activity. It plays a vital role in the development of human capital and
is linked with an individual’s well-being and opportunities for better living
(Battle and Lewis, 2002). It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills
that enable individuals to increase their productivity and improve their quality
of life. The quality of students’ performance remains at top priority for
educators. It is meant for making a difference locally, regionally, nationally
and globally. Educators, trainers, and researchers have long been interested in
exploring variables contributing effectively to quality of performance of
learners. These variables are inside and outside school that affect students’
quality of academic performance. These factors may be termed as student factors, family factors, school
factors and peer factors (Crosnoe, Johnson and Elder, 2004).
Mobile phones have become an almost
essential part of daily life since their rapid growth in popularity in Nigeria
in 2001. A nationwide survey conducted in 2010 shows that mobile phones are the
most necessary medium of communication for adolescents. It has virtually
affected the society’s accessibility, security, safety and coordination of
business and social activities and has hence become a part of culture of the
whole world (Soyemi, Oloruntoba and Okafor, 2015).
According
to Rabiu, Mohammed, Umaru and Ahmed (2016), mobile phones are the most
necessary medium of communication for adolescents. It has virtually affected
the society's accessibility, security, safety and coordination of business and
social activities and has hence become a part of a culture of the whole world.
Most phones do what a computer does and its affordability, portability and
convenience make it a common gadget owned by almost every adult and some
children. Most students own cell phones and love to interact with it. It will
therefore be thoughtful to harness this technology to enhance teaching and
learning (Akpan, 2017).
However, the
adoption of mobile phone by school age students in Nigeria is seen as the most
popular form of electronic communication. The term mobile phone means different
things to different people. To the youth, mobile phone is considered to be a
social tool rather than a technological tool. The adult on the other hand sees
mobile phone as a tool for enhancing business activities while students see it
as a tool for social activities (Aoki andDownes 2003; Abi-Jagun, Richardand
Whalley, 2007).
Bull
and McCormick (2012); Tao and Yeh (2013) opined that as mobile phone technology
continues its rapid development, the device appears capable of contributing to
student learning and improved academic performance. For example, modern
“smartphones” provide students with immediate, portable access to many of the
same education-enhancing capabilities as an internet-connected computer, such
as online information retrieval, file sharing, and interacting with professors
and fellow students. Conversely, recent research suggests that many college
students perceive the mobile phone primarily as a leisure device, and most
commonly use mobile phones for social networking, surfing the internet,
watching videos, and playing games (Lepp,
Barkley and Karpinski, 2013).
The 21st century youth spend more time
on the phone, the internet or in front of the television screen. The mobile
phone usage pattern of youths has become worrisome because most of them use
their phones excessively. Livingstone and Bober (2005) opined that youths found
mobile phone valuable and useful than any other means of communication. They
further noted that mobile phones are sometimes a tool for social identity than
a means to facilitate education. Sofowora (2011) shares similar opinion with
Livingstone and Bober (2005) when he observed that the indiscriminate use of
phones in public places such as the highway, hospitals, churches and even
classrooms are other examples of poor mobile phone etiquette. It is not only in
Nigeria that these kinds of problems occur, it is world over.
Statement of the
Problem
Oyelaran-Oyeyinka and Adeya (2002),
noted that educational institutions have witnessed an astronomical increase in
the use of mobile phones by students in recent times. This scenario has been
extended to primary and secondary institutions as well. However, in highlighting
the constraints to effective learning, Park (2005) listed inattentiveness, disruption
and distraction. Closely associated to these, is the use of mobile phones which
causes noise and distraction during lecture hours.
In addition to this, there is high
tendency and/or temptation of the students to interact with their phone in the
class in the course of lectures, either to respond to received messages, or to
browse the internet. These, no doubt, take heavy toll on the level of
concentration devoted to the lectures. Even while outside the class room
environment, most students who use internet enabled phones devote much time
interacting with their phones by chatting on the Twitter, 2go, Facebook,
instant messages (Black Berry Messenger, Yahoo Messenger). Consequently, the
time that ought to have been devoted to study and other useful academic
endeavours are thus frittered away (Ezemeneka, 2013).
However, a cursory look at existing
literatures revealed that few studies were done on the impact of mobile phone
usage on students’ performance in Nigeria. Furthermore, those studies (Enyi, Upelle, Agada, Ominyi, Taiyol, Eru, Ekpo and Adoga,
2017; Rabiu et al.., 2016; Soyemi et al., 2015; Faki and Emmanuel, 2013;
Sofowora, 2011) did not investigate the effect of mobile phone usage frequency
(calling and texting) on students’ academic performance. Based on these, a gap
existed which need to be filled. Therefore, this study intends to examining the
effect of mobile phone usage on secondary school students’ academic performance
by employing mobile phone usage frequency.
Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of the study was to examine the impact of mobile
phone usage on academic performance among senior
secondary school’s students in Abeokuta metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria. To achieve this, the following specific
objectives were pursued to:
(i)
examine the effect of
the total amount of time spent using mobile phone each day on secondary school students’
academic performance.
(ii)
determine whether
mobile phone usage during class and study time have effect on secondary school
students’ academic performance.
(iii)
examine the effect of
mobile phone usage at night on secondary school students’ academic performance.
Research
Questions
The following questions were answered in order to
achieve the above objectives;
(i)
What is the effect of the
total amount of time spent using mobile phone each day on secondary school
students’ academic performance?
(ii)
What is the effect of
mobile phone usage during class and study time on secondary school students’
academic performance?
(iii)
What is the effect of mobile
phone usage at night on secondary school students’ academic performance?
Research Hypotheses
H01: There
is no significant relationship between the total amount of time spent using
mobile phone each day on secondary school students’ academic performance.
H02: There
is no significant relationship between mobile phone usage during class and
study time on secondary school students’ academic performance.
H03: There
is no significant relationship between mobile phone usage at night on secondary
school students’ academic performance.
Significance
of the Study
It is hoped that the findings of this
study will benefit various educational stakeholders. It would be useful to
students in determining the many opportunities the mobile phone technology
provides in their academic lives. Teachers would be guided on how integrating
mobile phone technology will create a richer environment for teaching and
learning. The mobile phone companies would be more informed and therefore
invest in providing mobile phone technologies to schools with internet
connectivity and smartphones at a reduced price.
Curriculum
planners and policy makers would be aware of the numerous possibilities of
using mobile phone technologies in learning, so as to assist in implementing
and designing activities to support the various learning styles. The findings
of this study would also complement other studies and provide appropriate
information for content developers and mobile learning developers in designing
mobile phone applications for learning. This research would contribute to the
body of educational research in that it explores students' academic performance
with multiple indicators of learning, which is satisfaction, learning style,
and performance. The research would provide more information on innovative uses
of mobile phone technologies to enhance educational experiences of students.
Scope
of the study
Although this
study should have cover all the public secondary school in Abeokuta metropolis
but because of financial and time constraint on the part of the researcher, the
study was narrowed down to Asero High School in Abeokuta South Local Government
Area between 2013 and 2017. The choice of this school was due to the fact that
the researcher has unrestricted access to students in terms of data collection.
Operational
Definition of Terms
Chat: This refers to text-based,
real-time communications between or among two or more students.
E-mail: This
refers to a text-based, delayed communications which are exchanged between and
among students.
Internet:
This implies the connection of a
computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and
servers.
Learning Style: It
refers to the way a student consistently responds to and uses stimuli in the
context of learning with the support of technology.
Mobile phone
technologies: This refers
to those technologies (hardware/software)
that deliver instructional content and learning materials in way that fits into
students‟ mobile phones for their digital lives.
Mobile
Phone: The usage of wireless Internet to
exchange voice messages, email, and small web pages, anywhere and anytime.
MP3: It
refers to a digital music format for creating high-quality sound files in which
students use to download audio files so that they can listen to audio lectures
at any time or place.
Short Message Service (SMS):
It refers to a convenient and cost
effective way of text messaging important information to students through their
mobile phones.
Smartphones:
It refers to an electronic device that
combines mobile phones with a PDA, camera, video, mass storage, MP3 player,
Internet access, and networking features in one compact system.
Social
Networking: This refers to the use of internet
to make information about yourself available to other people especially people
you share an interest with to send messages to them.
Students’
Academic Performance: This refers to how well a student is accomplishing his or her tasks and
studies.
Technology:
This implies the application of
scientific knowledge for practical purposes especially in computer sciences.
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