ABSTRACT
The study was on microbial load of greywater from bathroom. The physicochemical properties; pH, temperature, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids and dissolved oxygen values were high. The total heterotrophic plate count ranged from 4.8 x 109 cfu/ml to 8.7 x 109 cfu/ml, total coliform plate count ranged from 3.8 x 109 cfu/ml to 7.1 x 109 cfu/ml, total Salmonella-shigella plate count ranged from 3.0 x 109 cfu/ml to 4.6 x 109 cfu/ml and total fungal plate count ranged from 3.4 x 109 cfu/ml to 5.8 x 109 cfu/ml. the bacteria isolated and their percentage occurrence were E.coli (16.67%), Salmonella spp (16.67%)., Shigella spp(8.33%)., Pseudomonas spp (12.5%)., Bacillus spp. (12.5%), Klebsella spp. (12.7%), Serretia spp (4.16%). and the fungi isolated and its percentage occurrence were Aspergillus niger (36.36%), Rhodotorulla spp (27.28%). and Aspergillus flavus (36.36%). The ANOVA, P<0.05 showed that there was significant difference in the bacteria and fungi mean count among the different grey water samples. The result revealed that the greywater from bathroom were highly contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, therefore adequate hygiene practice should be carried out regularly on the bathroom and precautionary measures should be taken in other not to be infected by the organisms in greywater.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Content vi
List of Tables x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
What is greywater 1
1.2
Sources of greywater 2
1.3
Characteristics and compositions of
greywater 2
1.4 What is a bathroom 2
1.4.1 Types of bathroom 3
1.4.2 Items found in a bathroom 4
1.4.3 Activities carried out in the bathroom 4
1.5 Problem statement 4
1.6 Aims and objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 6
2.1 Domestic wastewater 6
2.1.1 Greywater as wastewater 6
2.2 Microorganisms isolated from greywater 7
2.3 Health risk associated with greywater 8
2.4 Environmentally hazardous substances in
greywater 8
2.5 Characteristics of greywater 9
2.6 Parameters affecting the characteristics
of greywater 9
2.6.1
Chemical parameters 11
2.6.2
Chemical oxygen demand parameters 11
2.6.3 Nutrients in greywater 12
2.6.4 Ground
element in greywater 12
2.6.6 Heavy metals in greywater 12
2.6.7 Xenobiotic organic compounds (xoc) in
greywater 13
2.6.8 Physical parameters 13
2.6.9 Bacterial
characteristics of greywater 14
2.7 Organisms possibly present in greywater 15
2.8 Bacterial indicator of water 16
2.8.1
Total coliforms 16
2.8.2
Fecal coliform 17
2.8.3 E. coli 18
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 20
3.1 Sample collection and sampling 20
3.2 Isolation,
identification and enumeration of microorganisms 20
3.3 Biochemical test 21
3.3.1 Catalase test 21
3.3.2 Oxidase
Test 21
3.3.3 Coagulase
test 22
3.3.4 Methyl
red test 22
3.3.5 Voges-Proskauer
test (VP) 22
3.3.6 Citrate
test 23
3.3.7 Indole
test 23
3.4 Physico–chemical
analysis of greywater 23
3.4.1 pH,
Electric conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolve
solid and total suspended solids. 23
3.4.2 Determination
of pH 24
3.4.3 Determination
of temperature 24
3.4.4 Determination
of conductivity 24
3.4.5 Determination
of total dissolved solids 24
3.4.6 Determination
of total suspended solids 24
3.4.7 Determination
of dissolved oxygen 25
3.4.8 Determination
of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 25
3.5 Statistical
analysis 25
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result 26
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, conclusion and recommendation 34
5.1 Discussion 38
5.2 Conclusion 38
5.3 Recommendation
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 The
total microbial cells mean count from different bathroom greywater. 27
Table 4.2: Morphological and biochemical identification of bacteria isolated on greywater from bathroom and its
percentage occurrence 28
Table 4.3: Cultural characteristics and microscopy of fungal isolated on greywater from bathroom. 29
Table 4.4: Distribution of microorganisms isolated from four different
bathroom greywater 30
Table 4.5: Percentage occurrence of bacteria identified from grey water 31
Table 4.6: Percentage occurrence of fungai identified from grey water 31
Table
4.5: The mean values of the
physico-chemical parameters of
greywater from bathroom. 32
Table 4.6: Two-way ANOVA of the microbial load from different sample location 33
Table 4.7: Descriptive statistics of the mean values of the physicochemical parameters 33
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT
IS GREYWATER
Greywater
can be defined as household wastewater not including toilet waste, i.e.
wastewater from sink, showers washing machines and dishwater in a home. The
separation of blackwater (toilet waste) results in a greywater with low faecal contamination
and with and with less eutrophying substances. Greywater is seen as
contaminated waste flow due to the high metal content compared to plant
nutrient. The load of other adverse chemical compounds is also significant.
Eriksson et al., (2002) identified
900 xenobiotic organic compounds as potentially present in greywater despite
the fact that greywater has a rather low nutrient status, it is considered to
be a valuable resource, sometimes in combination with rain water.
Greywater
can also be defined as all waste water that is discharge from a house,
excluding toilet water. This includes water from showers, bathtubs, sinks,
kitchen, dishwashers, laundry tubs, and washing machines. It commonly contains
soap, shampoo, toothpaste, food scraps, cooking oils, detergent and hair.
Greywater makes up the largest proportion of the total waste flow from
households in terms of volume. Typically, 50-80% of the household wastewater is
greywater. If a composting toilet is also used, then 100% of the household wastewater
is greywater. Not all greywater is equally “grey”. Kitchen sinks water laden
with food solids and laundry water that has been used to wash diapers are more
heavily contaminated than greywater from showers and bathroom sinks (Nolde,
2005).
1.2 SOURCES
OF GREYWATER
The
major sources of greywater includes:
1.
Bathroom showers, bathtubs, hand washbasins, kitchen [dish washers], washing machine
etc.
1.3 CHARACTERISTICS
AND COMPOSITIONS OF GREYWATER
Greywater
is a reflection of the household activities and its characteristics are
strongly dependent on living standards, social and cultural habits, number of
household members and the use of household chemicals. Greywater from bathtubs,
showers and hand washbasins is considered as the least polluted greywater
source. The average greywater contribution to the total organic load (BOD5)
amounts to about 40-50%. Greywater also contributes to one fourth of the total
suspended solids and up to two third of the total phosphorus load (Bullermann et al., 2001). Dishwashing and laundry
detergents are the main sources of phosphorus in greywater. In countries where
phosphorus-free detergents are used, these loads are levels are generally
observed in bathroom and laundry greywater.
1.4 WHAT
IS A BATHROOM
A bathroom is a room in a home for
personal hygiene activities, generally containing a sink [basin] and either a bathtub,
a shower, or both. In
some countries, the toilet is included in this room, for ease of plumbing,
whereas other cultures consider this insanitary, and give that fixture a room
of its own. Historically, bathing was often collective activity, which took place
in a public baths. In some countries the shared social aspect of cleansing the
body is still important. In North American English the word "bathroom"
may be used to mean any room
containing a toilet, even a public toilet
(although in the United States this is more commonly called a restroom and in
Canada a washroom). Bathrooms are generally categorized as "master
bathroom", containing a shower and a bathtub that is adjoining to the
largest bedroom; a "full bathroom" (or "full bath"),
containing four plumbing fixtures: a toilet and sink, and either a bathtub with
a shower, or a bathtub and a separate shower stall; "half () bath" (or "powder
room") containing just a toilet and sink; and "3/4 bath"
containing toilet, sink, and shower, although the terms vary from market to market
(Hirsch, 2008).
1.4.1 TYPES
OF BATHROOM
There
are two major categories of bathroom, they are:
1.
The modern bathroom
2.
The local bathroom
The
modern bathroom is of three major types, they includes:
1. Master bathroom
2. Guest bathroom
3. Half bathroom
The
master bathroom in a home is generally connected to a master bedroom suite.
Master bathrooms are often located within or directly adjacent to the master
bedroom, and they often mirror either subtly or directly the style of the
master bedroom .It contains a shower and a bathtub that is adjoining to the
largest bedroom. There's no requirement to match styles when it comes to a
master bathroom and master bedroom, but a radical departure (especially if the
master bathroom is housed within the master bedroom) can be a bit jarring.
Guest
bathrooms can be located directly in or adjacent to a guest suite in the home,
or they may be "free standing" and located in a hallway. Guest
bathrooms are often used by multiple family members as well as guests.
Half
bathrooms are smaller bathrooms that does not contain different bathroom
fixtures and storage options fixtures as well as furniture such as cabinets and
sinks. Half bathrooms most times does not contain a toilet. (Hirsch, 2008)
The
local bathrooms here imply those bathrooms whose bathwater are not channeled underground
but on the soil surfaces.
1.4.2 ITEMS
FOUND IN A BATHROOM
Bathrooms
often have one or more towel
bars or towel rings for hanging towels. Bathrooms contain a medicine cabinet
for personal hygiene products and medicines, and drawers or shelves for storing
towels and other items. Some bathrooms contain a bidet, which might be placed next
to a toilet (Hirsch, 2008).
1.4.3 ACTIVITIES
CARRIED OUT IN THE BATHROOM
The
major activities carried out in the bathroom includes:
1. Bathing
2. Washing of clothes.
3. Urination and defecation
4. Most females uses the bathroom for
attending to their menstruation activities.
1.5 AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES
1.
To determine the microbial load of greywater from bathroom of various sources
at Umudike, Abia state.
2.
To compare the microbial load of greywater from local and modern bathrooms in Umudike,
Abia state.
3.
To identify the physico-chemical parameters of greywaters from these bathrooms
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