ABSTRACT
The microbial indoor quality of five Day-care centers in Umuahia was accessed. The five centers were chosen to cover the different parks of Umuahia, they include We care International School Day – care center in Ehimiri housing estate, St. Patricks School Day – care center in Agbama housing estate, Omini Grace center in World Bank estate, Blessed Day – care center in federal law court housing estate and Divine Vessel of Grace Day – care center in Umudike. Assessment was based on microbial load flora occurrences and changes between morning periods and evening periods (departure time/end of classes). Results obtained shows that the bacterial properties ranged from 114cfu/unit time to 170cfu/units time for morning hours and 177cfu/unit time to 266cfu/unit time, the fungal court was recorded at the range of 3.3cfu/unit time for evening. The bacterial genera include staphylococcus and E.coli, while the fungal genera include Aspergillus, Penicillum and Yeasts. The occurrence of different bacteria and fungi species varied between the schools and between morning and evening periods. Decline was recorded in occurrence of some microbes between morning periods and this was attributed to high level of personal and environmental hygiene in the centers/schools. The maintenance of such high level of hygiene in Day – care centers is therefore recommended.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Title
page- - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration
- - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification- - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication- - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement- - - - - - - - - - v
Table of contents
List of tables
List of figurs
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introductio 1
1.1
aims and objectives- - - - - - - - - 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature of Review- - - - - - - - - 5
2.1
Atmosphere- - - - - - - - - - 5
2.2
Physical Environment Stresses- - - - - - - - 5
2.3
Bacteria- - - - - - - - - - - 6
2.4
Fungal- - - - - - - - - - - 6
2.5 Viral- - - - - - - - - - - 6
2.6 Indoor Air Quality- - - - - - - - - 8
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.1
Study Area- - - - - - - - - - 10
3.2
Collection of Samples- - - - - - - - - 10
3.3
Media Used- - - - - - - - - - 10
3.4 Sterilization- - - - - - - - - - 11
3.5 Biochemical Identification for Bacterial
Isolates- - - - - 11
3.5.1 Identification of Fungal Isolates- - - - - - - 11
3.6 Gram
Staining- - - - - - - - - - 11
3.7 Biochemical Tests- - - - - - - - - 12
3.7.1 Catalase Test- - - - - - - - - - 12
3.7.2 Coagulase Test- - - - - - - - - - 12
3.7.3 Oxidase Test- - - - - - - - - - 13
3.7.4 Citrate Test- - - - - - - - - - 13
3.7.5 Indole Test- - - - - - - - - - 13
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Results 14
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion ` 22
5.1Conclusion ` 23
5.2 Recommendation 24
5.2.1 Solutions to Poor Indoor Quality in Day
Care Centers 25
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES Title page
1
Examples of
air borne human pathogens 7
2 Defining characteristics of the children and
rooms in centers from whichair
samples were taken 15
3 The colony feature and microscopy
of bacteria found in day care centers in
Umuahia 16
4 The colony feature and microscopy of fungi
found in Day – care centers in Umuahia 17
5 Mean bacterial count of air samples of five Day-Care centers in Umuahia 18
5 Mean fungal
count of air samples
of five Day-Care centers in Umuahia 19
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES Title of Figures Page
1 Percentage occurrence of bacterial isolates during morning and
evening hours 20
2 Percentage
occurrences of fungi isolates during morning and evening
Hours 21
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Air
is a source that supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to
live. Pure air is a mixture of grass that are invisible, colourless and odourless consisting 78% nitrogen, 21%
oxygen and other gases as well as varying amounts of water vapour (Murray et al., 2005). This pure air can be
contaminated in various ways affecting, humans, plants and animals. Air
pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemical, particulate
matter or biological materials that causes discomfort, disease or death of
humans, damage to other living organisms including food crops. Both indoor air
and outdoor air become polluted and pesticides. These pesticides contain
active and inert substances such as cyclodiene which is associated with
symptoms such as dizziness, headaches, weakness, muscle twisting and nausea
(Hays et al., 2007).
Indoor
air quality is a term which refers to the air quality within and around
building and structures especially as it relates to the health and
comfort of its occupants.
Indoor air can be polluted
by various compound
such as carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter
and microbial contaminants (moulds, bacteria, viruses) and any action that
introduce harmful contaminants into the air within the building. The concern
for quality indoor air is necessary especially in institutionalized settings that
accommodate a large number of people such as hospitals, nursing
homes, prisons,
schools, family houses, offices, dispensaries, hotels and classes because
contaminated air cause both mild and severely irritating health
conditions.(Tambeker et al., 2007).
Indoor
environment, in which modern adults spend around 80-90% of their time and babies
and infants nearly all of their lives, are fundamental environment factors capable of impacting health. One
of the main factors capable of affecting the health, well being
and productivity
of people in indoor
environment is air availability. The effects on health are known rise as exposure to and
density of air pollution
increase (Li et al., 2007).
The
investigation of indoor environment air is quality generally concentrates on physical and
chemical parameters.
In addition, the microbiological characteristics of indoor environment air can provide divert
informative about environmental air and can serve as a guide in the
determination of the origin of acute microbiological disease (Hoskins 2007).
Particles
determined in indoor air, particularly bacteria and viruses are able to act as
carrier of micro organisms. Insufficiently cleared indoor environments,
humidity and the presence
of sick individuals cause a significant increase to the levels of biological pollutants. Smoking
indoors and overcrowded or poor living conditions also interfere with
the outcome of infectious diseases. These and similar factor may contribute to
the impairment
of micro biological air quality in indoor environments (Farger, 2006).
Physical
characteristics of the indoor environment such as temperature, humidity
and air flow, as well as the design and operation of
building and filtration systems are of critical importance in
affection the spread
of infection indoors (Morawska, 2006).
Ventilation
is known to make a positive
contribution of indoor environment air quality. Indoor air quality improves with longer
duration of ventilation and health problems decrease with the people who live in the
environment (Riberon et al., 2007). Ventilation by keeping the doors and
windows of rooms open,
taking into account the meteorological conditions, can also reduce the risk of
air- borne contagion (Kiskin et al., 2005).
Molds
are another indoor environment air pollution agent. Molds settle inside buildings depending on
unsuitable physical
conditions.
They
are able to multiply
in dirty, dark, airless and humid buildings. As a result of inhaling these
agents in such buildings, some symptoms of disease appear. Studies have
reported
greater levels of mold and yeast in place with inadequate ventilation compared to others
(Tsai et al., 2007).
One
study, which was intended as a mycological analysis of the living areas of patients with
chronic respiratory
difficulty and headache and who were diagnosed with exogamic allergic
aveolitis, determined various species of mood in patient homes and
the presence
of igG antibodies specific
these in patients’ blood.
It
reported
that while investigating the underlying factors in order to achieve a
successful treatment in the face of this situation, which is complex and rather
difficult to diagnose. Living areas need to be examined in details and analysis
of the indoor environment physical and microbiological air quality
need to be performed
(Ozyaral et al., 2006). Children are more affected by air pollution and
toxic substances than in adults, this is because the formation of alveolies
develops
80% after birth, pulmonary
development
continues until the age of 6-8, respiration count is higher than in adults,
more physical
activity than adults and shorter lengths. In addition, living in regions with
dense air pollution,
in house with impaired
indoor environment air quality in crowded homes with smoking all increase risk
of respiratory
tract disease, particularly
in children. The fact that children, particularly small children spend most of their
time indoors further raises the importance of air pollution in school
and homes (Riberon et al., 2002; Toftam, 2004).
Other
aspects
of children getting sick are the disruption of the structure of the family, the
financial, social, and emotional impact on family members and illness in other
family members in casa of infectious disease (Ogur et al., 2005). There is a
wide body of knowledge related to ventilated and indoor air quality improvement and
reduction in the emergence and spread of disease. In addition, no
controlled intervention studies were found revealing the contribution of
ventilation to microbiological air quality.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
i.
To investigate the total
number of organisms in specimen of air taken by children’s day
care.
ii.
To isolate, identify and
characterize micro organisms present in the air taken from children’s
day care.
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