TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Title Page i
Approved Page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of
Contents vi
List of
Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study 1
Statement of the Problems 8
Research Questions 10
Research Hypotheses 11
Purpose o f the Study 12
Significance of the Study 12
Scope of the Study 13
Operational Definition of Terms 14
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE RELATED
LITERATURE
Preamble 15
Concept of Polygamy 16
Concept of Behaviour Pattern 25
Concept of Adolescence
39
Characteristics of In-School Adolescents behaviour 46
Influence of Polygamy on the Behaviour patterns of
In-School Adolescents 51
Summary of the Reviewed of Literature
56
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
Preamble 59
Research Design 59
Sample and Sampling Procedure 60
Instrumentation 62
Psychometric Properties of the Instrument 63
Procedure for Administration and Data Collection 64
Procedure for Scoring the Instrument 65
Method of Data Analysis 65
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
Preamble 67
Descriptive Data
67
Hypothesis Testing 71
Summary of Findings 75
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Preamble
78
Discussion 78
Conclusion 82
Recommendations 83
Suggestions
for Further Studies 84
References
85
Appendix 89
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1: Distribution of Respondents by
Gender 67
Table
2: Distribution of Respondents by
Religion 68
Table
3: Distribution of Respondents by
Marital
Status 68
Table
4: Distribution of Respondents by
Educational Qualification 69
Table
5: Rank Order Analysis of Influence
of polygamy
on Behaviour
Patterns 70
Table
6: Mean, Standard Deviation and
t-value indicating
the Influence
of polygamy on Behaviour Patterns
of In-school
Adolescents in Ilorin Metropolis on
the Basis of
Gender
71
Table
6: Mean, Standard Deviation and
t-value indicating
the Influence
of polygamy on Behaviour Patterns
of In-school
Adolescents in Ilorin Metropolis on
the Basis
of religion 72
Table
7: Mean, Standard Deviation and
t-value indicating
the Influence
of polygamy on Behaviour Patterns
of In-school
Adolescents in Ilorin Metropolis on
the Basis of
Marital Status 73
Table
8: ANOVA showing the Influence of
polygamy on
Behaviour
Patterns of In-school Adolescents in
Ilorin
Metropolis on the Basis of
educational
Qualification 74
ABSTRACT
The main
purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of polygamy on the
behaviour patterns of in-school adolescent as expressed by secondary school
teachers in Ilorin
metropolis. The study also investigated whether or not there would be significant
difference on the perception of respondent on the basis of gender, religion,
marital status and educational qualification.
Descriptive
survey research procedure was adopted for the study. The purposive sampling and
stratified random sampling techniques were used to draw a sample of 100
secondary school teachers in Ilorin
metropolis Kwara state. The purposive sampling was used to select ten secondary
schools in Ilorin
metropolis. The main research instrument employed for data collection was
“Influence of Polygamy on Behaviour Patterns of Adolescent Questionnaire”
(IPBPAQ). Five research questions were raised and four research hypotheses
formulated and tested. Data collected were computed using frequency counts,
percentages, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The hypotheses were
tested at 0.05 alpha level.
The findings of
the study indicated that there is no significant difference in the influence of
polygamy on the behaviour patterns of in-school adolescent as expressed by the
respondents on the basis of gender, religion, marital status and educational
qualification.
It was
recommended that there is the need for stake holders, especially the school
counsellors and teachers to give adequate attention to students’ developmental
challenges and adolescents in secondary school should be exposed to
counselling that will help them resolve family issues that could cause
emotional problems. More so, students from polygamous homes should be helped to
develop positive self image and handle overzealous attitude that could lead to
unnecessary competition among siblings.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Polygamy is a marriage which
includes more than two partners (Zeitzen, 2008). When a man is married to more
than one wife at a time, the relationship is called polygyny, and there is no
marriage bond between the wives. When a woman is married to more than one
husband at a time, it is called polyandry, and there is no marriage bond
between the husbands. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it
can be called group marriage (Zeitzen, 2008).
The term is used in
related ways in social anthropology, socio-biology, sociology, as well as in
popular speech. In social anthropology, polygamy is the practice of a person’s
making him available for two or more spouses to mate with. In contrast,
monogamy is a marriage consisting of only two parties. Like monogamy, the term
is often used in a de facto sense, applying regardless of whether the
relationships are recognized by the state. In socio-biology and zoology,
polygamy is used in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating.
In the last two decades,
polygamy has been considered as an important issue public, political, and
academic arenas (Elbedour, 2004). Polygamy in particular constitutes one of the
distinctive features of the marriage in many countries and while its frequency
may be declining, it is still widely practiced (Kincaid, 2003).
The Sub-Saharan Africa is
the major global region where the practice remains widespread, accounting for
about 20-50 percent of all marriages (Caldwell & Caldwell, 1990). Although
polygamy has been practised all over the world for many centuries, there is an
argument whether polygamy is appropriate or inappropriate to our society. Some
believe that polygamy is very helpful to career women who might have to work
late, then go home, and take care of their children or husband. Conversely,
majority believe that polygamy is inappropriate as it has a huge negative
effect to the family. The common effect of polygamy is making a conflict among
wives. In polygamy, conflict among wives usually arises in the management of
family. It is difficult for family management especially to arrange and sharing
the task. On the other hand, it is difficult for husband to be fair to his
wives. (Altman & Gmat, 1996).
Kincaid (2003) observed
that in polygamous family, children also might lose their respect to their
parents. The paper attempts to examine the overall effect of polygamy on family
and society. Too many, polygamy is seen as an inappropriate relationship
because they believe that polygamy oppresses women and children, but there are
also those who believe that polygamy is appropriate and beneficial to society.
Polygamy is always associated with problems and bad effects like jealousy,
strife, murder and disparities.
Behaviour pattern can be
described as a psychological construct that helps in defining an individual’s
likely disposition towards an event such as examinations (Parker, Spears &
Jones, 2002). Behaviour pattern refers to the unique and distinctive
characteristics which sets a person apart from another (Sanni, 1999). Aspect of
Behaviour pattern include one’s qualities or attributes, the way one really is,
one’s general habitual behaviour,
politeness, submissiveness and so on (Olowonirejuaro,
2008).
One way of classifying
personality characteristics is through the use of the Type A and Type B behaviour
patterns. According to Sanni (1999), the concept of Types A and B behaviour
pattern dated back to the 19th century. Meyer Friedman, an American
Cardiologist, noticed in the 1940’s that the chairs in his waiting room got
worn out from the edges. He hypothesized that his patients were hard driving,
impatient people, who sat on the edge of their seats when waiting. They were
labelled “Type A” personalities. Type A Behaviour Pattern personalities are
workaholics, always busy, driven, somewhat impatient and so on.
The Type A behaviour
pattern is a set of behavioural responses to life or challenges of the
environmental variables more often aggravated by situations which constitute
significant changes in our lives (Rosenman & Chesney, 1982).
Friedman and Rosenman
(1974) defined Type A individual as a person who is aggressively involved in a
chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time, and
if required to do so, against the opposing efforts of other things or other
persons. They went further to explain Type A behaviour traits to include the
following: extreme ambition and competitiveness, impatience, time pressure and
a high degree of propensity to anger and hostility.
The behaviour pattern B
individual denotes a person who is more ‘relaxed’ in his or her approach to
life, somewhat opposite to Type A (Rosenman & Friedman, 1974). With regards
to time, the Type B individual is not in a hurry. He tends to be friendly and
often competes with himself, believing that he can always do better than
before. He is intuitive, spontaneous and patient. When it comes to change, he
sees it as a rhythm of the universe and believes that all change is inevitable.
He is open to criticism and tries to make others feel accepted and at ease.
When he is angry, he uses humour subtly to make his point and his anger is in
most cases directed against issues and not at persons. He is supportive of
others and more likely to express positive feelings, so he has a lesser chance
of anxiety related disorders.
Behaviour patterns among
the adolescents cannot be understood without considering some factors like
gender and family background. It has been contended that the gender factor is
of paramount importance to cognitive, affective and behavioural actions of
individuals. Ossal (2004) reported that there are biological based differences
in brain components of males and females which account for men’s higher
spatial, numerical and independent cognitive styles. In other words he was of
the opinion that boys and girls behave differently because of variations in
their psychological constitution along gender lines without much consideration
to environmental influences.
The family is one of the
primary groups of social organization where a child first receives the informal
type of’ education. Everyone starts life in a family, irrespective of the kind
of family. The family, as a major unit of socialization is very vital for the
development of a child. It is with this unit the child first identifies himself
before the ethnic group, or the society at large (Moors 2003).
According to Moors
(2003), family background could be of various types. Generally, there are the
extended and nuclear family patterns. The extended family includes a span of
three generations within the total household. The nuclear family comprises
basically the father, the mother and the children. In addition to the types of
families mentioned above, some family are polygamous. The pattern or type of
training given to child within a family system affects his/her personality make
up. This has to do with the type of rearing techniques that a family adopts. It
also has to do with the role played by the father and the mother i.e. child
rearing procedure.
It has been observed by
Sears, Maccoby and Levin (2003) that many variables like the family type,
family child rearing practices, birth order and socioeconomic status of the
parent affect the personality of the individual in the school. Various families
show different attitudes towards their children and both the favourable and
unfavourable attitudes of parents have effects on the personality
characteristics of their children in school.
The aim of this study is
to find out the influence of polygamy on the behaviour patterns of in-school
adolescents as expressed by secondary school teachers in Ilorin Metropolis,
with a view to investigating the relationship that exist between polygamy and
behaviour patterns of in-school adolescents.
Statement of the Problem
Polygamous family is
characterised by unhealthy rivalry and competitions which in turn may have a
lot influence on childrearing practices and behaviour patterns of young
children. In the view of Ipaye (1993), polygamy leads to marriage which tears
families apart and in many cases children are worst hit. It leads to change in
hope of children, misbehaviour and delinquency, in assertiveness and lack of
confidence. It appears that this unfortunate conflict situation in polygamous
homes poses great influence on the behaviour of young children which in turn
affect every aspect of their life pursuit.
Researches have been
carried out on factors responsible for polygamous marriage among men as
expressed by adults in Ilorin metropolis by Afolabi (2012), the findings of the
study revealed that the most common factor responsible for polygamous marriage
includes health factors, religious factors, social factors and economic
factors.
Also Ajiboye (2004),
carried out findings on the influence of polygamy on the academic performance
of student in Oke-Ero Local Government Area of Kwara State. The findings of the
study revealed that polygamous family has adverse influence on the student
performance.
A fairly more
encompassing study is however needed to be carried out on the influence of
polygamy on the behaviour patterns of in-school adolescent. This is to know the
influence of polygamy on the behaviour dispositions of in school adolescents
and consequences on their later life.
Research Questions
The following research
questions were formulated in order to guide the direction of the study:
1. What is the influence of polygamy on the
behaviour patterns of in-school adolescents?
2. Is there significant difference in the
influence of polygamy on the behaviour patterns of in-school adolescents has
expressed by secondary school teachers on the basis of gender?
3. Is there significant difference in the
influence of polygamy on the behaviour patterns of in-school adolescents has
expressed by secondary school teachers on the basis of religion?
4. Is there significant difference in the
influence of polygamy on the behaviour patterns of in-school adolescents has
expressed by secondary school teachers on the basis of education qualification?
5. Is there significant difference in the
influence of polygamy on the behaviour patterns of in-school adolescents has
expressed by secondary school teachers on the basis of marital status?
Research Hypotheses
In order to give the
research a better focus, the following null hypotheses were formulated to be
tested in the study:
1.
There
is no significant difference in the influence of polygamy and the behaviour
patterns of in-school adolescents as expressed by secondary school teachers on
the basis of gender.
2.
There
is no significant difference in the influence of polygamy and the behaviour
patterns of in-school adolescents as expressed by secondary school teachers on
the basis of religion.
3.
There
is no significant difference in the influence of polygamy and the behaviour
patterns of in-school adolescents as expressed by secondary school teachers on
the basis of educational qualification
4.
There
is no significant difference in the influence of polygamy and the behaviour
patterns of in-school adolescents as expressed by secondary school teachers on
the basis of marital status.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study
is to find out the influence of polygamy on the behaviour patterns of in-school
adolescents as expressed by school teachers in Ilorin Metropolis. The study
also examined whether or not variables such as gender, religious polygamy has
any influence on the behaviour patterns of in-school adolescents as expressed by
school teachers in Ilorin Metropolis.
Significance of the Study
The findings of this
study would assist students, parents, teachers, counsellors, school
administrators, future researchers and the society at large to know the
influence of family structure on the behaviour patterns of in-school
adolescents. The findings will help students have more understanding of
themselves and their behaviour dispositions towards schooling and other
activities.
The study would also
expose parent to the influences of family structures and child rearing practice
on the personality and behaviour disposition of adolescent.
The study will assist
teacher to know the influence of family structure on student personality and
academic performance thereby treating each student as a unique individual.
School counsellors stand
to benefit tremendously from the result of the study because a good knowledge
of the findings would assist them in counselling students on how to identify
themselves. This study is capable of exposing parental role in the behaviour
disposition of students and with proper counselling; the desirable behaviour of
the students could be enhanced through the use of behaviour modification
strategies.
Scope of the Study
The scope of this study
is limited to secondary school teachers in Ilorin Metropolis. Ten secondary
schools would be sampled from within Ilorin Metropolis. Respondents would be
randomly selected from each school to make a total of two hundred teachers
(100) that would be used for the study. The variable that the researcher used
in carrying out the study in includes gender, various ages, religion and school
type.
Operational Definition of Terms
The following terms have
been operationally defined for the purpose of this study:
Polygamy: Marriage
which includes more than two partners.
Behaviour Pattern(s): These are behavioural characteristics which can be used to classify
human beings into Type A and Type B groups.
Family Type:
Family background in terms of polygamy or monogamy.
Polygamous Family: A home that consist of the husband, two or more wives In-school
Adolescents: young children in secondary school.
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