TABLE
OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Background of the Study
1.2
Statement of the Problem
1.3
Objective of the Study
1.4
Research Questions
1.5
Scope of the Study
1.6
Significance of the Study
1.7
Limitation of the Study
1.8
Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Parenting Variables Related to Academic
Achievement
2.2.1
Parenting Styles
2.2.1.1 Classification
of Parenting Styles
2.2.1.2 Parenting
Style and Academic Achievement
2.3
Self-Esteem
2.3.1
Conceptualization of Self-Esteem
2.3.2
Components of Self-Esteem
2.3.3
Parenting Behaviours/Attitudes and
Self-Esteem
2.3.4
Self-Esteem and Academic Achievement
CHAPTER
THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Research Instruments
3.6 Reliability and Validity of Instruments
3.7 Data Collection Procedure
3.8 Methods of Data Analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Demographic Information of Respondents
4.3 Analysis of Findings
4.4 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Background
of the Study
A
parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies
that parents use in their child rearing. The quality of parenting is more
essential than the quantity spent with the child. For instance a parent can
spend the entire afternoon with his or her child but the parent may be engaging
in a different activity and not demonstrating interest towards the child.
Parenting styles are the representation of how parents respond to the demand of
their children. Parenting practices are specific behaviours, while parenting
styles represent broader patterns of parenting practices. There are many
different theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children, as well as
differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest. Children
go through different stages in life; therefore parents create their own
parenting styles from a combination of factors that evolve overtime as children
begin to develop their own personalities.
In
sociology and psychology, self-esteem reflects a person’s overall subjective
emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as
well as an attitude toward the self. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs for
example, “I am competent”, “I am worthy” and emotions such as triumph, despair,
pride and shame.
Smith
and Mackie (2007) defined it by saying the self concept; it is what we think
about the self; self-esteem, is the positive or negative of the self, as in how
we feel about it” self-esteem is attractive as a social psychological construct
because researchers have conceptualized it as an influential prediction of
certain outcomes, such as academic achievement, happiness, satisfaction in
marriage and relationship, and criminal behaviour.
Within
Western Cultures, self-esteem consistently has been demonstrated to be directly
related with parenting styles characterized by low levels of acceptance and
high levels of over protection (i.e. affectionless control). Although in
traditional collectivist cultures there may be a preference for this parenting
style, within a strong collectivist framework. It is not thought to have a
negative impact on self-esteem.
Self-esteem,
defined as the extent to which an individual believes himself or herself to be
capable, significant, successful and worthy (Coopersmith, 1981), consistently
has been found to relate with psychological states and behaviours (Cramer,
1989; Dishivn, Patterson & Reid, 1988; Workman & Beer, 1989). The
importance of self-esteem as a global indictor of psychological health has
encouraged research into the influence of variables such as parenting on
self-esteem development.
As
noted by the Basic Behavioural Science Task Force of the National Advisory
Mental Health Council (1996), the parent-child relationship represents the
earliest and most enduring social relationship of the human life span.
Accordingly, the quality of the parent-child relationship has been argued to
have a significant impact on the competence, resilience and well-being of all individuals.
(Basic Behavioural Science Task Force of the National Advisory Mental Health
Council, 1996). Two fundamental aspects of parenting have been identified as
important for children’s adjustment or maladjustment. The first of these has
been identified as warmth, nurturance and acceptance or responsibility. This
dimension has been shown to be bipolar. It has defined by parental affection,
empathy and closeness on one pole and coldness, indifference and neglect on the
other (Baumrind, 1968; Coopersmith, 1967). The second dimension has been
defined by the amount and control, structure and involvement that caregivers
display toward their children. This dimension has been differentiated in terms
of effective, emphatic and developmentally appropriate management versus
manipulative or punitivecare giving (Maccoby& Martin, 1983).
1.2
Statement
of the Problem
It
has been discovered overtime that self-esteem has been consistently related
with parenting styles characterized by relatively low levels of acceptance.
This study will investigate the various known parenting styles and how it
affects children and adolescents both positively and negatively.
1.3
Objective
of the Study
The following are the purposes of this
study;
i.
To identify various
parenting styles adopted in Ugbowo Community.
ii.
To investigate how these
parenting styles affected self-esteem.
iii.
The study will also find
out how parenting styles and self-esteem influences.
iv.
To find out the awareness
of Ugbowo Community on parenting style.
1.4
Research
Questions
i.
What is the level of
awareness of Ugbowo Community on parenting style?
ii.
What is the various
adopted parenting style?
iii.
Does parenting style
affect self-esteem?
iv.
Does parenting style
affect academic performance?
1.5
Scope
of the Study
This
research is limited to the influence of parenting style on self-esteem amongst
adolescents in Ugbowo Community, Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. It
has a population of 38, 462 people.
1.6
Significance
of the Study
The following are the importance of this
study;
i.
It will help to examine
the relationship between parenting style and self-esteem in the development of
the family and community.
ii.
The study will also
highlight how adolescent cope with mechanism of adjustment and modification.
iii.
The study also helps us
to know the role of psychologists/sociologist in the development of a child/adolescent
and the family as a whole.
iv.
The study will add to
existing knowledge as the subject matter.
1.7
Limitation
of the Study
The
following were constraints encountered with regards to the study:
i.
Getting materials from
the internet and other sources proved difficult.
ii.
Unwillingness on the part
of respondents to provide necessary information.
1.8
Operational
Definition of Terms
i.
Influence:The
power to affect, control or manipulate something or someone; the ability to
change the development of fluctuating things such as conduct, thoughts or
decisions.
ii.
Parenting:
Is the process of promoting and support the physical, emotional, social,
financial and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood.
Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological
relationship.
iii.
Style:
A manner of doing things, especially in a fashionable one.
iv.
Self-Esteem:
Is defined as the extent to which an individual believes himself or herself to
be capable, significant, successful and worthy (Coopersmith, 1981).
v.
Psychology:Is
defined as the study of the human mind. It could also be the mental, emotional
and behavioural characteristics pertaining to a specified person, group or
activity.
vi.
Social:
It refers to a characteristic of living organism as applied to populations of
humans and other animals.
vii.
Attitude:
In psychology, an attitude is an expression of favour or disfavour toward a
person, place, thing or event (the attitude object). An attitude is an
evaluation of an attitude object, ranging from extremely negative to extremely
positive.
viii.
Beliefs:
Is the mental acceptance of a claim as truth regardless of supporting or
contrary empirical evidence.
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