ABSTRACT
The study examined impacts of sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy among teenagers in Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State. It is a survey with four (4) research questions. A sample size of four hundred (400) teachers and students (SS2) out of a population of five thousand, six hundred and seventy six (5,676) (200 teachers and 200 students) used for the study. A twenty seven (27) structured questionnaire titled “Impact of sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy” (ISEPTUP) validated by experts was used for data collection. Pool items mean, total granted mean and standard deviations were used to answer the research questions. Findings of the study among others include that teachers and students agreed that sources (agents) of sex education programme include parents, school, teachers, church, peers, mass media; it was also found that practices involved in sex education to prevent unwanted pregnancy were abstinence, surgical methods and female sterilization, impact of sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy include avoidance of dating violence, help teens develop healthy relationships, delay sexual initiation etc. However, stages (ages) sex education should be introduced to children as agreed by teachers and students were older children (7-12), adolescent (13-18) and adult (19yrs and above). Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that there shall be more stations in television (TV), Radio and other accessible media to increase the accessibility of knowledge of sex education to teenagers, also parents should seriously embark on sex education programme to catch these teenagers early etc. The researcher also noted some limitations to the study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Table of Contents v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study 1-6
Statement of the Problems 7-8
Purpose of the Study 8
Significance of the Study 9
Scope of the Study 10
Research Question 11
CHAPTER
TWO: REVIEW LITERATURE
Conceptual Framework 12-33
Theoretical Framework 33-35
Empirical Framework 36-37
Summary of Literature Review 37-38
CHAPTER
THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Design of the Study 39
Area of the Study 40
Population of the Study 40
Sample and Sampling Technique 40
Instrument of Data Collection 41
Validation of the Instrument 41
Reliability of the Instrument 42
Method of the Data Collection 42
Method of Data Analysis 42-43
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Research Question 1 44
Research Question 2 46
Research Question 3 47
Research Question 4 49
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Discussion of Findings 51-54
Summary of the Study 54-56
Implication of the Study 56-57
Conclusion 57-58
Recommendations 58-59
Limitation of the Study 59-60
Suggestion for Further Studies 60
References 61-64
Appendices 65-68
CHAPTER
ONE
Introduction
Background to the
study
Sex education is the
instruction of issues relating to human sexuality, including emotional
relations and responsibility, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual
reproduction age of consent, reproductive health, reproductive rights, safe
sex, birth control and sexual abstinence. Sex education that covers all these
aspects is known as comprehensive sex education (Barbara 2016). Sex Education
helps people gain the information skills, and motivation to make healthy
decisions about sex and sexuality. It is high quality teaching and learning
about a broad variety of topics related to sex and sexuality, exploring values
and beliefs about those topics and gaining the skills that are needed to
navigate and manage one’s own sexual health. Sex education may take place in
schools, in community settings, or online, Planned Parenthood believe that
parents plays a critical and central role in providing sex education. It covers
a broad range of topics, human development (reproduction, puberty, sexual
orientation and gender identity), relationship (families, friendship, romantic
relationship and dating), personal skills (communication, negotiation and decision
making), sex behavior (abstinence and sexuality throughout life), sexual health
(sexually transmitted diseases, contraception and pregnancy), society and
culture (gender roles, diversity and sexuality in the media).
Sex education is
life long process of building a strong foundation for one’s sexual health. It
include the course of developing attitudes, beliefs and values and acquiring information,
motivation, skills and critical awareness to enhance one’s sexual health and
avoid negative sexual consequences. Sex education involves more than sexual
development and reproductive health. It encourages access to interpersonal
relationship, affection, intimacy, body images, values and gender roles.
Education in sexuality can come from a wide range of sources including home,
school, peers, media and religious institutions (Mitchell, 2002), of major
importance is sex education that take place in home. Daily occurrence in the
home provide opportunities for discussions on sexuality making parents the
primary sex educations of their children. SIECUS, (2007) despite making a
commitment in 2008 to boost comprehensive sexuality education (SCE) in schools,
Chile’s Ministries of Health and Education look set to fall well short of this
goals with just one year to go until the deadline.
Their aim is
working to increase young people’s access to sexual and reproductive health
information by offering informational workshops (PPE, 2009). In a speech given
at the commission on population and development (CPD) in 2003, Chilean
president Michelle Bachelet, then Executive Director of UN emphasized the
connections between women’s empowerment, sexual and reproductive rights, and
sustainable development.
“Our goal has to be the promotion of
full and healthy development of the individual and relations built on mutual
trust and respect”, said Bachelet’’ sexuality educations does not promote
promiscuity, it promotes health, informed and responsible behavior (CPD, 2013).
Comprehensively, sexuality teaches
women that they have a right to decide the size and spacing of their families.
It also teaches them about their sexual and reproductive health, including the
use of contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancies. Empowering women with
information causes a powerful ripple effect that enables families and
communities to be healthier and economics more robust (Regmi, 2008).
In 2013,( Major
Rodolfo) center erected a 40-foots fluorescent yellow inflatable condom in
Chile’s capital, Santiago, with the intension of raising awareness about safer
sex practices and curbing the high levels of teen pregnancy in his district,
some of his fellow party members were upset about Carter’s condom campaign and
caused the tactic of being vulgar. Carter responded by pointing out the health
benefits of condom use. Nowadays, youngsters are sexually active at a younger age
of 13 and 17 years old. In communities like La Florala, the majority of them do
not have clear information belonging to prevent risking behaviors that may
cause disease or unwanted pregnancies (Major, 2013) retreated. This Chilean Partner,
APROFA worked to increased young people’s access to adequate sexual and
reproductive health information by offering informational workshops for young
people and ensuring its services are integrated and youth friendly. APROFA
worked with schools in Chile to build the capacity of teachers, it gives them
the skills and support they need to speak with students about sexuality,
emotional well- being and preventing unplanned pregnancies and HIV (Magoon,
2010).
For pre-school
children, curiosity about body parts and their functions becomes evident around
2 to 3 years of age. Parents can use this time to establish open lines of
communication, and they will learn that their parents are willing to discuss
these aspects of sexuality and that they welcome questions. In addition to
factual information on sexuality, parents sharing their attitudes, values and
beliefs assist children in adopting a value system similar to their parents.
This system of beliefs becomes extremely a time when major lifestyle decisions
are being taken (Osephale, 2017).
Although
adolescence is a stage normally characterized by separation from parents and
the development of a district identity, teens continue to look to their parents
for guidance and support (Mitchell 2002). Unfortunately, many parents reserve
the initiation of sexual education until adolescence rather than beginning at a
much younger age. It is usually difficult for parents to comfortably discuss
sexual topics with their adolescent children if open lines of communication on sexual
matters have not been well established during childhood (Heffner, 2009).
In addition,
sexual conversation that should come from both mothers and fathers are in many
case being delivered by mothers alone (Dilonic et al, Miller et al,
2008). Regardless of the timing and delivery of sexual talks, parents have a
major influence on their child’s development and well- being making them an
important resource for positive sexual health education. However, the world is
full of discoveries and each passing day is dotted with innovations on how to
handle issues of life better. The education industry is not left behind (out)
in these discoveries as students are ushered into sex education and also enshrined
same into the school curriculum. Teachers need to embrace these innovations in
teaching contents so as to equip them with the needed information on life,
growth and development. In view of this fact, teachers need to be empowered for
quality delivery of education, it will not be out of place in this study to
check for the impacts of sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy in
teenagers.
Statement
of the Problem
The outbreak of
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted
diseases has given a new sense of urgency to sex education. In many African
Country, where AIDS is at epidemic levels, sex education is seen by most
scientist as a vital public health surgery. Some international organization
such as planned parenthood consider that broad sex education programs have
global benefits, such as controlling the risk of over populations and, the
advancement of women’s right. The use of mass media campaigns has sometimes
resulted in high level of awareness, coupled with essentially superficial
knowledge of HIV transmission. Parents in the United State strongly believe
that sex education in school makes it easier for them to talk to their
adolescents about sex.
However, the
importance of knowing the impact of sex education in preventing unwanted
pregnancies among teenagers cannot be over emphasized based on the fact that it
has an ability of determining the level of health and health sexual choices. In
view of these issues evaluated above, the study is faced with the problem of
assessing unwanted pregnancy among teenagers in Osisioma Ngwa Local Government
Area of Abia State, to investigate if these teenagers are aware of these impact
of sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy.
Sexuality is a
society’s problem. It is a societal problem in the sense that the entire
society is sexually unbalanced. Many have died through abortion, motherless
babies everywhere, the percentage of patient with sexual transmitted disease
keep increasing, educational career abandoned because of unwanted pregnancy,
yet some percentage are sent out of the school for the sake of above mentioned
problem.
Emenike (2002),
opines that in some communities, it is not uncommon to find a bride and
bridegroom ignorant of the sex until their marriage. In this, century,
Nigerians are increasingly being in influenced by western culture and this has
brought about dropping of some of the norms and custom of our people.
Purpose
of the Study
The general purpose of this study is to ascertain the Impact of Sex
Education in Preventing Unwanted Pregnancy Among Teenagers in Osisioma Ngwa
Local Government Area of Abia State.
Specifically, the study tends to:
i.
Find out the sources of
sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy among teenagers in Osisioma Ngwa
Local Government Area of Abia State.
ii.
Determine practices
involves in sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy among teenagers in
Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State.
iii.
Identify the impact of
sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy among teenagers in Osisioma Ngwa
Local Government Area of Abia State.
iv.
Ascertain the stage at
which sex education should be introduced to a teenager.
Research
Question
The following research questions
guided the study.
1. What
are the sources of sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy among
teenagers in Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State?
2. What
are the practices involved in sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy
among teenagers in Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State?
3. What
are the impacts of sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy among
teenagers in Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State?
4. At
what stage should sex education be introduced to a teenager in preventing
unwanted pregnancy among teens in Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia
State?
Significance
of the Study
This
study has the following significance as follows;
Teenagers: The study will equip the
teenagers with a good knowledge in leading/living a healthy/sound sexual life
of his/her choice.
Family: This study will help their
families to know the impact of sex education in preventing unwanted pregnancy
among teenagers and when best to introduce it.
Teachers: It will equip teachers with
sound skill/knowledge of sex education practices and accept the impact it has
in preventing unwanted pregnancy among teenagers. It will also equip them with
the stage (age) to introduce sex education to his/her students.
Government: It will equip the
government with the knowledge of the best source at their disposal to introduce
sex education and its benefit. This will also help the government determine the
extent of success of introduction of sex education in schools (Education
Curriculum) as regards to reduction in teenage unwanted pregnancy.
Future Researchers: It will serve as
a reference point for future researchers who would wish to embark on related
study.
Scope
of the Study
This study was carried out in some
public secondary schools in Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State.
In terms of content, the study covered sources of sex education, practices
involved in sex education, impact of sex education in preventing unwanted
pregnancy and the stage at which sex education should be introduced in schools
in Osisioma Ngwa Local Government Area of Abia State.
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