ABSTRACT
This project
highlighted the Role of Sales Promotion in Influencing Consumer Buying
Behavior. The project is divided into five chapters. Chapter one looks at the
general introduction where background of the study was discuss significance of
the study as well as the objectives were highlighted chapter two review all
related literature relevant of the topic under study, In this chapter the views
of scholars and experts in personnel management were gathered data, chapter
three highlighted the sample size and sampling technic and chapter highlighted
the data presentation and analysis and lastly the chapter highlighted all the
summary, conclusion and recommendation..
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGES
Title
Page…………………………………….………..………………………….…. i
Approval
Page……………………………………..…….……………………….…… ii
Declaration
Page……………………………………………………………………… iii
Dedication……………………………………………………………………......…… iv
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………...… v
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..… vii
Table
of Contents……………………………………………………………….....… vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.1
Background of the Study…………………...…………………………..……….… 2
1.2
Statement of the Problem……………………………….………………………… 3
1.3 Aim
and Objectives of the Study ...……………………….……………….………… 4
1.4
Research Questions..……………………………………...…………………..…… 4
1.5
Scope of the Study..……..…………………………..…………………….……. 4
1.6
Significant of the Study ………………….…………………….…………..……… 4
1.7
Limitation of the Study………….…………………..……………….…………. 5
1.8
Plan of the Study…………..…….…………………..……………….…………. 5
1.9
Historical Background of the Case Study Area ……………………………………. 6
1.10
Definition of Key Terms……………………………………………………..……. 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Introduction……………………………...……….…………………………….… 8
2.1
Definition of Small and Medium Scale Enterprise….……………….….……….….… 8
2.2 Types of Small Scale Enterprise………..………………..……..……………...….… 9
2.3 Roles of SMEs in Africa's industrial development……….….…….…………..….… 9
2.4 Characteristics of SMEs in Nigeria………………………………………………… 10
2.5 The challenges and some prospects of SSEs in
Jigawa State……………………. 11
2.6 Conceptual Model……………………………………………………….………… 12
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction……………….…………………………………….……….…...…… 16
3.2
sampling method……………….………………………………………….…...…… 16
3.3
Population of the Research .. …………………………………………………………. 16
3.4
Sample Size ………………..……………..…………………..…………………..…. 16
3.5
Data Collection.………………………………..………………………………..…… 17
3.6
Data Analysis..…………………….…………………………………………………. 17
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS
4.0
Introduction…………………….. ………….……………………………………… 18
4.1
Presentation and Analysis of Data ………….……………………………………… 18
4.2
Summary of Findings …………………………………………………………........ 23
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARYOF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Summary of Findings……………………………………….……….…………….. 25
5.2
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….……..……… 25
5.3
Recommendations…………………………………………………………………… 25
References
………………………………………………………………………………. 27
Questionnaire
…………………………………………………………………………… 29
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0
Introduction
This chapter contained the introduction, background
of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research
questions, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, and
historical background of the study area. Also due to the nature of the subject
matter it been used to designed this chapter as much as possible.
Small-scale businesses are widely regarded as the backbone
of many economies, especially in developing nations, where they significantly
contribute to job creation, poverty alleviation, and local economic
development. In Nigeria, small-scale businesses account for a substantial
portion of the economy, supporting both urban and rural livelihoods. Despite
their critical role, these businesses often operate in highly challenging
environments influenced by various external factors that either facilitate or
hinder their growth and sustainability.
Environmental factors, including economic, socio-cultural,
political, and technological conditions, play a pivotal role in shaping the
performance and survival of small-scale businesses. For instance, economic
factors such as inflation, access to credit, and market fluctuations directly
impact business profitability and stability. Socio-cultural influences,
including community practices, consumer behavior, and workforce dynamics, can
determine the acceptance and growth of specific enterprises within a locality.
Additionally, political and regulatory frameworks, such as taxation policies
and infrastructural support, significantly affect the ease of doing business.
Hadejia Local Government, located in Jigawa State, Nigeria,
is a region with a vibrant small-scale business sector that contributes to the
area's economic resilience. However, businesses in Hadejia face unique
challenges, including frequent flooding due to climate variability, inadequate
infrastructure, and inconsistent government policies. These challenges not only
threaten the viability of these enterprises but also hinder their potential to
contribute effectively to local economic development.
This study seeks to explore the impact of environmental
factors on small-scale businesses in Hadejia Local Government. By examining the
interaction between these factors and the operational realities of businesses
in the region, the research aims to provide insights into the barriers these
enterprises face and identify strategies to mitigate their effects.
1.1
Background to the Study
Small-scale
businesses are crucial drivers of economic growth, employment creation, and
poverty production in many developing countries, including Nigeria. These
businesses are particularly important in local economies, where they contribute
to the livelihood of a large portion of the population. In Hadejia Local
Governnment, as in many other regions, small-scale enterprises (SSEs) provide
vital services and goods to the community, serving as a source of employment
for many and driving local economic activities. However, despite their
significant contributions to economic stability, small-scale businesses in
Nigeria face a variety of environmental challenges that threaten their
sustainability and growth.
Environmental
factors, both internal and external, significantly impact the performance of
small businesses. These factors include infrastructure deficiencies, 'unstable
economic policies, and limited access to financial resources, all of which
create an unfavorable business climate For instance, inadequate roads,
irregular power supply, and poor communication networks make it difficult for
businesses to operate efficiently, often leading to higher operational costs
and reduced profit margins (Afolabi, 2018). Additionally, small businesses in Nigeria
often grapple with the unpredictability of government policies, which can alter
business environments quickly, disrupting long-ternm planning and investments
(Oseni, 2020).
Bdonomic
factors such as inflation rates, fluctuating market prices, and limited access
to capital also play a significant role in influencing business success. For
small-scale businesses, which typically have limited financial reserves, these
factors can be devastating, leading to reduced output or even business closure
(Adeniyi & Olanipekun, 2019). Furthermore, the political environment,
marked by unstable governance and bureaucratic bottlenecks, also adds to the operational
challenges faced by small-scale businesses. In regions like Hadejia, where government
intervention and support are minimal, small businesses find it difficult to
access the necessary support systems for growth.
Climatic
conditions, such as extreme weather events, are another environmental factor
that directly affects small-scale businesses, particularly in
agriculture-dependent areas. Iregular rainfall patterms, flooding. and high
temperatures can disrupt supply chains, increase production costs, and reduce
consumer demand for certain goods and services (Bello & Musa, 202 1). In
Hadejia, which is prone to seasonal flooding, many small businesses suffer
losses due to damage to infrastructure and goods, while others face reduced
customer patronage during periods of adverse weather.
Competition
from larger businesses and market fluctuations further compound these issues,
as small-scale enterprises often lack the capacity to compete with
well-established companies that can afford better technology, lower prices, and
larger market shares (Ibrahim, 2017). Consequently, many small businesses in
Hadejia struggle to maintain profitability and growth in the face of these
environmental challenges.
Given
the critical role that small businesses play in local economies, it is
essential to understand the specific environmental factors that hinder their
growth and sustainability. This study aims to investigate the impact of these
factors on small-scale businesses in Hadejia Local Government. providing
insights into the challenges they face and offering recommendations for
improving their resilience and performance in a challenging environment.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Small-scale
businesses in Hadejia Local Government face several challenges that impede
their ability to grow and remain sustainable. These challenges stem from
both natural and human induced environmental factors. For instance, poor
infrastructure, such as lack of access to transportation and unreliable
electricity supply, disrupts the daily operations of small enterprises, leading
to increased production costs and reduced profitability. Furthermore, the
absence of stable government policies and limited access to affordable credit
makes it dificult for small businesses to expand or even maintain operations
during difficult periods (Oseni, 2020).
In
addition to these factors, climatic conditions such as seasonal flooding often
damage business property, affect supply chains, and reduce customer traffic,
further hindering the ability of small businesses to thrive. Despite the vital
role these businesses play in local economic development, there is limited
research on how environmental factors specifically impact small enterprises in Hadejia.
Addressing these problems requires a comprehensive understanding of the factors
at play and how they collectively affect small-scale businesses.
13
Aim and Objectives of the Study
The
aim of this study is to investigate the impact of environmental factors on
small-scale businesses in Hadejia Local Government. The specific objectives
are:
1.
To identify the environmental factors that influence small-scale businesses in
Hadejia.
2.
To analyze the effect of these factors on business growth and sustainability.
3.To
recommend strategies that can mitigate the negative impact of environmental
factors on small businesses.
1.4
Research Questions
The
following research questions will guide the study:
l.
What are the key environmental factors affecting small-scale businesses in
Hadejia Local Government?
2.
How do these environmental factors influence the performance and sustainability
of small businesses?
3.
What strategies can small-scale businesses adopt to mitigate the adverse
impacts of these environmental factors?
1.5
Scope of the Study
The
scope of this study is limited to small-scale businesses operating within Hadejia
Local
Government.
The study will focus on the environmental factors affecting these businesses, including
infrastructure, economic policies, climate conditions, and competition.
1.6
Significance of the Study
This
study is significant for several reasons. First, it will provide valuable
insights into the challenges faced by small=scale businesses in Hadejia due to
environmental factors. Understanding these challenges is critical for
policymakers, entrepreneurs, and stakeholders interested in fostering local
business growth. The findings will also contribute to existing literature on
small business sustainability, offering practical solutions to improve the
resilience of small enterprises in similar environments. Additionally, the
study will offer recommendations for developing more supportive policies and
infrastructures to ensure that small businesses can survive and thrive in the
face of environmental challenges.
1.7
Limitation of the Study
The
study will primarily utilize data from business owners, government officials,
and relevant stakeholders in Hadejia. However, potential limitations may arise
from the availability of accurate data, limited access to financial records of small
businesses, and time constraints in conducting Extensive fieldwork.
1.8
Plan of the Study
This
research study is divided into five (5) chapter of which Chapter one (l)
Consist of background of the study, statement of the problem, aims and
objective of the study, significant of the study, research hypothesis,
significant of the study, scope and limitation, definition of terms and plan of
the study, While Chapter two (2) Consist of literature review and theoretical
frame work.
Introduction,
conceptual framework, empirical literature, theoretical, While Chapter three
consist of methodology, introduction, sample, data collection, experimental
variables, data presentation organization process, reference and chapter four
also consist of data analysis and findings, testing of hypothesis, and the
chapter five consist of summary, conclusion, recommendation, bibliography and
appendix (questionnaire design)
1.9
Historical Background of the Case Study Area
Hadejia
Local Government Area (LGA) is located in the north-eastern region of Nigeria,
within Jigawa State. Historically, Hadejia has been a significant center for agriculture
and commerce, benefiting from its strategic position along the banks of the
Hadejia River. The river has served as a Vital resource for irrigation and transportation,
facilitating trade and supporting local farming activities.
In
the pre-colonial period, Hladejia was characterized by vibrant trade and
agricultural activities. Local farmers cultivated various crops, including
millet, sorghum, and vegetables, which were traded in local markets. The
community's economic activities were largely self-sufficient, with small-scale
enterprises providing essential goods and services to residents. The
traditional market system supported these businesses, fostering a culture of
entrepreneurship among the local population.
With
the advent of colonial rule in the early 20th century, the economic landscape
of Hadejia began to shift. Colonial policies favoured larger agricultural
estates and introduced cash crop farming, which marginalized many small-scale
farmers and traders. During this period, many local businesses struggled to
compete with the influx of imported goods and the dominance of larger agricultural
enterprises. The introduction of Western education also altered the local
economy, as more people sought jobs in colonial administration rather than
engaging in traditional trades (Afolabi, 2018).
Fallowing
Nigeria's independence in 1960, Hadejia, like many other regions, experienced
renewed efforts to promote small-scale businesses as part of national
development strategies. The government implemented various policies aimed at
enhancing agricultural productivity and supporting local entrepreneurs.
Initiatives such as the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme and the
establishment of cooperatives aimed to provide financial support and resources
to small businesses. However, despite these efforts, the challenges of
inadequate infrastructure, limited access to markets, and inconsistent
government policies persisted, hindering the growth of small-Scale enterprises
in Hadejia (Oseni, 2020).
The
1980s and 1990s saw a significant decline in agricultural productivity in
Hadejia, largely due to environmental factors such as droughts and flooding.
The Hadejia River basin became
increasingly prone to seasonal flooding, which devastated
crops and damaged business infrastructure. As a result, many small -scale businesses faced
considerable challenges, leading to increased poverty levels in the community. The impact
of these environmental factors on local businesses has been profound, as many
entrepreneurs struggled to adapt to the changing conditions. in recent years,
there has been a renewed focus on revitalizing small-scale businesses in
Hadejia.
Various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and
community-based initiatives have emerged to support local entrepreneurs through
training programs, access to microfinance, and market linkages. Additionally,
the government has recognized the need for infrastructure development to Facilitate
business operations, including improvements to roads and access to electricity.
Despite these positive developments, small-scale businesses in Hadejia continue
to face significant environmental challenges that impact their sustainability
and growth. Understanding the historical context of these challenges is
essential for developing effective strategies to support small businesses in
the region. This study aims to investigate the specific environmental factors
affecting small-scale businesses in Hadejia, providing insights into their
historical challenges and current opportunities for growth.
1.10
Definition of Key Terms
Small-Seale
Business (SSB): A business that operates on a
relatively small scale in terms of work force, production and capital
investment, usually employing fewer than 50 people. The Lean Start-up by Erie
Ries: Offers insights on creating start-ups using lean practices and emphasizes
flexibility in business strategies. Environmental Factors: External conditions
Or influence, such as economic, social, political, and climatic conditions,
that affect the operation and performance of business. Boone, & Kurtz
(2019).
Sustainability:
The ability of a business to maintain operations and profitability over the
long term despite the environment.
Schaltegger,
& Wagner, (2011). Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Sustainability
Innovation: Categories and Interactions.
Infrastructure:
The physical systems and structures (such as roads, electricity, water supply,
and communication network).
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