ABSTRACT
This
study was intended to evaluate the consequences of deforestation on rural
household income. This study was guided by the following objectives; to find
out the causes of deforestation in Odighi in Edo state, to examine the
consequences of in rural household income, to determine the strategies of
reducing deforestation.
The
study employed the descriptive and explanatory design; questionnaires in
addition to library research were applied in order to collect data. Primary and
secondary data sources were used and data was analyzed using simple percentages
which was presented in frequency tables and percentage. The respondents under
the study were 50 respondents including farmers, hunters and staff of
agricultural and forestry department in Odighi Edo state, Abuja branch. The
study majorly focuses on the consequences of deforestation on rural household
income.
The
study findings revealed that deforestation negatively affects rural household
income in Odighi Edo state; based on the findings from the study, efforts
should be made by the Nigerian government and stakeholders in promoting tree
planting and preservation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
--------------------------------------------------------------------4
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION-------------------------------------------------------------5
1.1.
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY --------------------------------6
1.2.
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM ------------------------------8
1.3.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS-------------------------------------------9
1.4.
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY -------------------9
1.5.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY -------------------------------10
CHAPTER
TWO
REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1.
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION ------------------------------------11
2.2.
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION -----------------------32
2.3.
STRATEGIES TO REDUCING DEFORESTATION ------------38
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------------48
3.1.
RESEARCH DESIGN --------------------------------------------------48
3.2.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY------------------------------------48
3.3.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE -----------------------49
3.4.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT -----------------------------------------49
3.5.
VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT --------------------------------------50
3.6.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION ------------------------------50
CHAPTER
FOUR
ANALYSIS
OF DATA AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1.
SUMMARY -----------------------------------------------------------------57
5.2.
RECOMMENDATION --------------------------------------------------57
5.3.
CONCLUSION ------------------------------------------------------------58
REFERENCE
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
1.0.
INTRODUCTION
Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of
trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion
of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Deforestation occurs for many
reasons: trees are cut down to be used or sold as fuel (sometimes in the form
of charcoal) or timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock,
plantations of commodities and settlements. The removal of trees without
sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss
and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon
dioxide.
Subsistence farming is responsible for 48% of
deforestation; commercial agriculture is responsible for 32% of deforestation;
logging is responsible for 14% of deforestation and fuel wood removals make up
5% of deforestation.
Other causes of
contemporary deforestation may include corruption of government institutions,
the inequitable distribution of wealth and power, population growth and
overpopulation, and urbanization. Globalization is often viewed as another root
cause of deforestation, though there are cases in which the impacts of
globalization (new flows of labor, capital, commodities, and ideas) have
promoted localized forest recovery.
Deforestation is a contributor to global warming, and
is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse
gas emissions. In deforested areas, the land heats up faster and reaches a
higher temperature, leading to localized upward motions that enhance the
formation of clouds and ultimately produce more rainfall.
The water cycle is also affected by deforestation.
Trees extract groundwater through their roots and release it into the
atmosphere. When part of a forest is removed, the trees no longer transpire
this water, resulting in a much drier climate. Deforestation reduces the
content of water in the soil and groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture.
The dry soil leads to lower water intake for the trees to extract.
Deforestation reduces soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides
ensue.
1.1.
BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Forests cover almost a third of the
earth’s land surface providing many environmental benefits including a major
role in the hydrologic cycle, soil conservation, prevention of climate change
and preservation of biodiversity (Sheram, 1993). Forest resources can provide
long-term national economic benefits. For example, at least 145 countries of
the world are currently involved in wood production (Anon., 1994). Sufficient
evidence is available that the whole world is facing an environmental crisis on
account of heavy deforestation. For years remorseless destruction of forests
has been going on and we have not been able to comprehend the dimension until
recently. Nobody knows exactly how much of the world’s rainforests have already
been destroyed and continue to be razed each year. Data is often imprecise and
subject to differing interpretations. However, it is obvious that the area of
tropical rainforest is diminishing as observed in the case of Odighi forest in Odighi
Local government area of Edo State and the rate of tropical rain forest
destruction is escalating worldwide, despite increased environmental activism
and awareness. Deforestation is the conversion of forest to an alternative
permanent non-forested land use such as agriculture, grazing or urban
development (van Kooten et al, 2000).
Deforestation is primarily a concern for the
developing countries of the tropics (Myers, 1994) as it is shrinking areas of
the tropical forests (Barraclough et al, 2000) causing loss of biodiversity and
enhancing the greenhouse effect (Angelsen et al., 1999). FAO considers a
plantation of trees established primarily for timber production to be forest
and therefore does not classify natural forest conversion to plantation as
deforestation (but still records it as a loss of natural forests). However, FAO
does not consider tree plantations that provide non-timber products to be
forest although they do classify rubber plantations as forest.
Forest degradation occurs when the ecosystem functions
of the forest are degraded but where the area remains forested rather cleared
(Anon., 2010).
Thirty per cent of the earth’s land area or about 3.9
billion hectares is covered by forests. It was estimated that the original
forest cover was approximately six billion hectares (Bryant etal., 1997). The
Russian Federation, Brazil, Canada, the United States of America and China were
the most forest rich countries accounting to 53 per cent of the total forest
area of the globe. Another 64 countries having a combined population of two
billions was reported to have forest on less than ten per cent of their total
land area and unfortunately ten of these countries have no forest at all. Among
these countries 16 are such which had relatively substantial forest areas of
more 1than one million hectares each and three of these countries namely Chad,
the Islamic Republic of Iran and Mongolia each had more than ten million
hectares of forest. The forest area remained fairly stable in North and Central
America while it expanded in Europe during the past decade. Asian continent
especially in India and China due to their large scale afforestation programme
in the last decade registered a net gain in forest area. Conversely the South
America, Africa and Oceania had registered the net annual loss of forest area
(Anon., 2010).
1.2.
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
There is enough evidence that the
whole world is facing an environmental crisis on account of heavy
deforestation. For several years, there has been remorseless of destruction
which must be put under control to avoid some bad consequences associated with
deforestation. Nobody knows exactly how much of the world’s rainforests have
already been destroyed and continue to be razed each year. Data is often
imprecise and subject to differing interpretations. However, this research work
will focus on the consequences of deforestation on the rural house hold income
especially as observed in Odighi in Edo State.
1.3.
AIM
AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to determine
the causes and consequences of deforestation in Odighi and the following
objectives are stated for this research study:
1.
To find out the causes of deforestation in
Odighi Edo State
2. To
find out the consequences of deforestation on rural house hold income in Odighi
Edo State.
3.
To determine the strategies for reducing
deforestation.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. What
are the causes of deforestation in Odighi Edo State?
2. What
are the consequences of deforestation on rural household income in Odighi Edo
State
3. What
are the strategies for reducing deforestation?
1.4.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
significance of this research are:
1. To
provide solutions which can assist educators, general public and the government
on the causes and consequences of deforestation thereby raising an awareness
about unwanted outcomes of deforestation.
2. Findings
from this research work will also ascertain the extent of deforestation in Odighi
Edo State
This research work will help to
improve the existing literatures on deforestation thereby contributing to the
body of knowledge.
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