ABSTRACT
This project
conducted to examined “causes of global warming and its impact on annual
rainfall (a case study of Dutse local government area). The objectives of this
study are road map of achieving the aim of this study was to examine the
relationship between the variation in temperature and rainfall intensity, to
examine the relationship between humidity and duration of rainfall. Research
design was used and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 50
randomly selected people and data was collected from Jigawa state agricultural
and rural development authority (JARDA). The result revealed that causes of
global warming in Dutse was conducted by use of petroleum, LPG, population and
used of firewood. Inferential statistical tool was employed for the study.
Simple linear regression formula for evaluating the relationship between the
two variables will be utilized for Dutse local government area. The result was
discussed in order of objectives of the study where causes of global warming in
Dutse was discussed first, followed by the relationship between temperature and
rainfall intensity then the relationship between humidity and duration
rainfall. Also according to result use of petroleum, population, use of
firewood and used of liquefied petroleum gas are main causes of global warming
in Dutse local government and according to the relationship between temperature
and rainfall intensity then the relationship between humidity and duration
rainfall based on our analysis there have a relationship between them. So that
global warming is the major challenge for our global society. There is very
little doubt that global warming is the major changes our climate in the next
century, so global warming is not something to take lightly. Planting of trees
help to reduce the amount of CO2, instead of becoming more
dependent, we need to reduce our dependent on fossils fuels and refrigerator
alternative current right away. With this few advice we were reduce risk of
global warming to our community.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration…………………………………………………………………………………………i
Certification……………………………………………………………………………………….ii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………...iii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………..iv
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………v
Table of content…………………………………………………………………………………..vi
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………............1
1.1 Background
of the Study……………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Statement of
the problem……………………………………………………………………...2
1.3 Objectives
of the study………………………………………………………………………...3
1.4 Research
hypothesis………………………………………………………………………….,.3
1.5 Relevance of
the study………………………………………………………………………...3
1.6 Scope of
study…………………………………………………………………………………3
1.7 The Study
Area………………………………………………………………………………..3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
5
2.2 Temperature
and rainfall 5
2.3 Energy
transformation during rain and free fall 5
2.4 Global
warming 6
2.5 Causes of
global warming 7
2.6 Theoretical
framework 8
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
11
3.2 Research
design 11
3.3 Population
of the study area 11
3.4 Sampling
techniques 11
3.5 source of
data 11
3.6 Method of
data presentation and analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
13
4.2 The causes
of global warming 13
4.3 Temperatures
and Rainfall intensity
4.4 Humidity and
duration of rainfall 20
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 22
5.2 Conclusion 22
5.3 Recommendation 23
Reference 24
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The0
implications for water resources include increased evaporation rates, a higher
proportion of precipitation received as rain, rather than snow, earlier and
shorter runoff seasons, increased water temperatures, and decreased water
quality in both inland and coastal areas. Increased evaporation rates are
expected to reduce water supplies in many regions. The greatest deficits are
expected to occur in the summer, leading to decreased soil moisture levels and
more frequent and severe agricultural drought. More frequent and severe
droughts arising from climate change will have serious management implications
for water resource users. Agricultural producers and urban areas are
particularly vulnerable, as evidenced by recent prolonged droughts in the
western and southern United States, which are estimated to have caused over $6
billion in damages to the agricultural and municipal sectors. Such droughts
also impose costs in terms of wildfires, both in terms of control costs and
lost timber and related resources. (Adams et al., 2018).
Water
users will eventually adapt to more frequent and severe droughts, in part by
shifting limited water supplies towards higher-value uses. Such shifts could be
from low to high-value crops or from agricultural and industrial to environmental
and municipal uses. A period of delay is likely, however, because gradual
changes in the frequency and severity of drought will be difficult to
distinguish from normal inter annual variations in precipitation. Economic
losses will be larger during this period of delay, as compared to a world with
instantaneous adjustment, but preemptive adaptation could also be costly given
the uncertainty surrounding future climate.
Global
warming and its impact on annual rainfall variation rising surface temperatures
are expected to increase the proportion of winter precipitation received as
rain, with a declining proportion arriving in the form of snow. Snow pack
levels are also expected to form later in the winter, accumulates in smaller
quantities, and melt earlier in the season, leading to reduced summer flows.
(Gleick et al., 2010).
Such shifts in the form and timing of
precipitation and runoff, specifically in snow-fed basins, are likely to cause
more frequent summer droughts. Timing of runoff will affect the value of
hydropower potential in some basins if peak water run-off occurs during nonpeak
electricity demand. Energy shortages and resulting energy price increases will
provide incentives to expand reservoir capacities or develop alternative energy
sources. If the runoff season occurs primarily in winter and early spring,
rather than late spring and summer, water availability for summer-irrigated
crops will decline, and water shortages will occur earlier in the growing
season, particularly in watersheds that lack large reservoirs. Agricultural
producers, in response to reduced water supplies and crop yields, will adjust
their crop mix. Producers in irrigated regions might reduce total planted
acreage, or deficit-irrigate more acres, to concentrate limited water supplies
on their most valuable crops (e.g. onions and potatoes, rather than wheat and
alfalfa). Producers in rain-fed regions might shift to crop species and
varieties with shorter growing season requirements or greater drought
tolerance, such as winter grains. These adjustments will mitigate a portion of
private economic losses. They will also affect environmental quality, although
the expected direction is more difficult to predict. Climate change is expected
to affect water quality in both inland and coastal areas. Specifically,
precipitation is expected to occur more frequently via high-intensity rainfall
events, causing increased runoff and erosion. More sediments and chemical
runoff will therefore be transported into streams and groundwater systems,
impairing water quality. Water quality may be further impaired if decreases in
water supply cause nutrients and contaminants to become more concentrated.
Rising air and water temperatures will also impact water quality by increasing
primary production, organic matter decomposition, and nutrient cycling rates in
lakes and streams, resulting in lower dissolved oxygen levels. Lakes and
wetlands associated with return flows from irrigated agriculture are of
particular concern. (Adams et al., 2010)
1.2 Statement of The Problem
A
careful examination of the above finding-studies clearly showed that, there are
different causes of global warming depending on human activities in a
particular area, global warming- its
causes and impacts on rainfall wasn’t get much attention in Dutse, and it
cannot be pretended that concerning global warming and rainfall pattern is well
with Dutse, so this is a great gap in literature and the gap is what this study
geared to fill.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The
aim of this study is to explore the causes of global warning within Dutse,
Jigawa State and its impact on rainfall variation within the area. The
following objectives are road map of achieving the aim of this study.
1. To
find out the causes of global warming.
2. To
determine the relationship between humidity and rainfall intensity.
3. To
examine the extent at which temperature affect the duration of rainfall.
1.4
Research Hypothesis
H1: There is
no significant relationship between temperature variation and the intensity of
rainfall.
H2: There is
no significant relationship between human activities and global warming.
1.5 Relevance of the Study
At
the end of this study, a clear picture of the relationship between global
warming and rainfall pattern in Dutse Local government, Jigawa state will be
presented. This could help in understanding and identifying the consequences of
global warming in Dutse particularly on rainfall pattern, and indirectly on
phenomena related to rainfall such as agriculture, evaporation, flooding,
drought, urban planning, etc. all geared toward strengthening policies on
measures to mitigate human activities that cause or trigger the phenomenon.
It
can also serve as a foundation for further studies in the future.
1.6 Scope of the
Study
This
study covers a period of a years between 2010-2022, and examine the entire
Dutse Local Government.
1.7
The Study Area
Dutse is the capital of Jigawa state of
Nigeria. The state was created in 1991 during the military regime of General
Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. Dutse (Dutsi, in earlier notes) got its name from
the rocky topography peculiar to the area. Different forms of rocks can be seen
widely spread across the town. Mostly igneous in nature, the rocky town got its
name from this naturally endowed resources, Dutse (Hausa term for rock). Dutse
and its environ are well known for Date Trees (Dabino) of different variety.
The area is characterised with undulating topography and hilly walls. The name
Jigawa (from Jigayi) is attributed to such topology. Peculiar to the
North-Western states, the population of Dutse are predominantly Hausa and
Fulani. With availability of agrarian land, the inhabitants of Dutse are
predominantly farmers; other occupations typical to rural area are also
available among the populace.
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