ASSESSMENT ON THE EFFECT OF GENDER DESCRIMINATION ON DECISION MAKING PROCESSES IN GOVERNMENT: A CASE STUDY OF DUTSE LOCAL GOVERNMENT, JIGAWA STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Gender discrimination can have far-reaching consequences on decision-making processes in various aspects of life, including personal, social and professional settings. This assessment aims to examine the effect of gender discrimination on decision making.

Gender discrimination is a persuasive issue that affects individuals, communities and societies worldwide. It manifests in various forms, including unequal access to education, employment, healthcare, and decision-making opportunities. Decision-making a critical aspect of personal and professional life, is not immune to the influences of gender discrimination.

The struggle for gender equality dates back to the early 20th century, with the women's suffrage movement. Since then, significant progress has been made in promoting gender equality, including the adoption of international conventions, national laws, and politicies. However, despite these efforts, gender discrimination persists, affecting various aspects of life, including decision-making.

There are functional responsibilities that are giving to men and women by society and are influenced by the cultural, political, economic, religious and social situation. It is worth nothing that where women and men have equal conditions for realising their full human rights and potentials to contribute to and benefit from development such society tends to develop faster. Thus, taking in to account their similarities, differences and the various roles they play, gender discrimination is often identified as a key issue in economic development of emerging economies.

Women seem to be discriminated against in politics in Nigeria and the few of them that get elected or appointed to political positions have so much to contend with as it is believed to be the world of men. The number of women who even dare contesting elections in Nigeria is minimal as politics here is actually money politics, Many women are unable to afford the huge sum of money that this requires along with the fact that the society sees women are not being cut out for such in view of the nature of politics in Nigeria.

Gender discrimination is a multifaceted concept that incorporates both opportunities and outcomes. This study aims to investigate the effect of gender discrimination on decision-making in government, with a focus on identifying the extent to which gender discrimination influences decision-making outcomes, and exploring the underlying factors that contribute to these discriminatory practices.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Assessment of the effects of gender discrimination on decision-making in government are complex and multifaceted and can multifaceted.

Promoting gender equality can be an economic game changer. The IMF's latest economic review of Nigeria's economy says closing the gender gap would mean higher growth and productivity greater economic stability. Women’s equal participation in governance is, therefore, an important end in itself, recognition of their right to speak and be heard. More broadly, it is a means to social transformations. Decisions made and policies implemented by governance institutions at global, national and local levels help to shape perceptions of the roles that women and men play in society, as well as determining their access to rights and resources. Involving women in defining these policies and processes, and in influencing the institutions that produce them, makes it more likely they will respond to the different  needs and situations of both women and men, and contribute to development.

However, poor systems of governance result in widespread discrimination related to sex, race, colour, religion and political opinion. Looking across the world, persistent and pervasive gender disparities continue to exist. In Dutse local government area Jigawa state, women and men do not have an equal level of political representation, freedom of association and expression. Employment and career structures, public sector also favour men above women. Service delivery systems are discriminating, and services are more accessible to men than to women, although neither poor men nor poor women fare well in respect. The society sees fare well in respect. women who go to politics as ‘rebels’ and prostitutes; this attitude deters women from participating in politics.

1.3 Research Questions

        i.            What are the effects of Gender discrimination on decision-making in Dutse L.G.A?

      ii.            How does gender discrimination affect women participation in decision-making process in Dutse L.G.A?

    iii.            What are the public opinions on the effect of Gender discrimination in decision making process in Dutse L.G.A?

    iv.            What are the factors that hinder women participation in decision making in Dutse L.G.A?

1.4 Aim and Objectives of the Study

             i.            To assess the effects of gender discrimination on decision making in Dutse L.G.A.

           ii.            To identify the effects of gender discrimination on women participation in decision making process in Dutse L.G.A.

         iii.            To analyse public opinion on the effect of gender discrimination in decision making in Dutse L.G.A.

         iv.            To find out an appropriate solution to the problem.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Here are the Significance of this study:

i.                    Improved Decision-Making: By identifying the effects of gender discrimination on decision-making, this study can inform strategies to promote more inclusive and equitable decision-making processes.

ii.                  Enhanced Gender Equality: The findings of this study can contribute to the development policies and programs aimed at promoting gender equality and women's empowerment.

iii.                Better Resource Allocation: By highlighting the impact of gender discrimination on resource allocation, this study can inform more equitable distribution of resources.

iv.                Contributing to Existing Literature: This study contributes to the existing body of research on gender discrimination and decision-making, providing new insights and perspectives.

v.                  Empowering Women and Girls: The findings of this study can inform strategies to empower women and girls, promoting their participation in decision-making processes.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study will focus on government institutions at the national, state or local level, depending on the research design and availability of data. The study will examine the effect of gender the effect of gender discrimination on decision-making in government over a specific period, such as several years or decades. By defining the scope of the Study, researchers can ensure that their investigation is focused, manageable, and relevant to the research question.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The study limits itself on effect of gender discrimination on decision-making in government within Dutse local government area of Jigawa state due to the time frame under which the research shall be completed. Furthermore, the rationale behind the choice of Dutse local government as the case study is primarily because it is the local government closer to the researcher as such she is adequately familiar with the environment and absolute source of collecting accurate and reliable data from the approved sources. The researcher encountered some logistic problems in carrying out the research such as finance, tax books, time distance from the place of collecting primary data and lack of cooperation from the respondents as well as inadequate primary and secondary data.

1.8 History of the Area of Study

Dutse is a city located in northern Nigeria. It is the capital city of Jigawa State. It is home to Federal University. In addition to the Federal University Dutse, there is also a Research Institute for Date Palm (Sub Station) and state polytechnic in Dutse. The Jigawa State Polytechnic has its College of Business and Management Studies at Dutse. With an estimated population of 153,000 (2009), Dutse is currently the largest city in Jigawa State followed by Hadejia (111,000), Gumel (43,000), and Birnin Kudu (27,000). Dutse is the capital of Jigawa state of Nigeria. The state was created in 1991 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. Dutse (Dutsi,in earlier notes) got its name from the rocky topography peculiar to the area. Different forms of rocks can be seen widely spread across the town. Mostly igneous in nature, the rocky town got its name from these naturally endowed resources, Dutse (Hausa term for rock). Dutse and it environ are well known for Date Trees (Dabino) of different variety. The area is characterised with undulating topography and hilly walls.

Legend of the people speak of an early epoch of a great hunter called [Duna-Magu] a Kanuri man who first discovered Dutse nicknamed [Gadawur] as a rich hunting ground for gazelles [Gada in Hausa]. The settlement of Garu which traditions claim pre-dated the arrival of Bagauda to Kano in the dying years of the 1st millennium. The earliest written reference to Dutse is reported in the famous Kano chronicle which mentioned its defeat by Sarkin Kano [Abdullahi Burja C. 1438=1452], who was said to have followed up the defeat with the marriage of a daughter of the Sarkin Dutse alongside the daughters of his Galadima. The earliest written reports indicated that by the opening years of 18th century, Dutse had grown into a very big town comprising of about seventy wards within its walled vicinity. The wall, which was built around the rock clusters, enclosing [Jambo stream] within the central area, hand twelve city gates [Kofofin Gari] named after the nearest wards:

Although the wall does not stand now, remnants of it are still visible in some areas:

1. Kofar Maranjuwa

2. Kofar Burtulan

3. Kofar Yina

4. Kofar Kukiya

5. Kofar Bukka

6. Kofar Galamawa

7. Kofar Ma’ai

8. Kofar Tago

9. Kofar Kachi

10.Kofar Gadadin

11.Kofar Galadimawa

12.Kofar Rariya

The years between 1732-1735 in Dutse’s annals were dominated by a powerful figure of Fulani descent called Ada who came to the area as a military envoy of Sarkin Kano Kumbari, sent on a mission in 1732 to put a stop to the slave raiding forays of Sarkin Dutse [Makuri] in to Kano area. However, no sooner had Ada defeated Sarkin Dutse [Makuri] events took an unexpected twist as he not only usurped the ruler-ship of Dutse but also asserted his independence and further proceeded with re-organization of a strong military force to rival Kano. Little wonder within two years he not only annexed territories from Aujara, Birnin-Kudu, Kiyawa, and Ringim; but also repulsed several expeditions mounted against him by his erstwhile boss. The period of Ada marked Dutse’s pinnacle of zenith and glory. It is said of Ada that by c. 1735 all Kano warriors were reluctant to answer further Kumbari’s call for expedition against him. This development left Kumabri at the mercy of some 99 Kano princes who only on exacting a heavy concession agreed to come to his aid. The princes set out on their mission to capture Ada, by dressing eunuch impressively in royal regalia as to deceitfully appear as Sarkin Kano kumbari. In the course of the encounter that ensured, Ada who mistakenly went in pursuit of Sarkin Kano [Kumbari] found himself facing a decoy surrounded by the prices. Even at that point Ada rather than surrender opted to fight to his last breath. The gallant combat fighter he was, Ada only gave up the ghost after killing four of the Princes namely:-Dan Buram, Dan Lawan, Dan Maje and Dan Isa. Interestingly however, this victory was not followed up with a march into the walled town with a view to seizing its control for as Kano chronicle reports the ruler of Kano was prevailed upon by his advisers not to dare make the attempt but to return home immediately.[Tsohon Mutum] an erstwhile army commander and great strategist under Sarkin Dutse [Makuri] filled the vacuum left by Ada’s death. The most remarkable achievement of which Dutse tradition best remember him was the building of [Ganuwar Garu] additional wall surrounding Garu palace town with its only one gate [Kofar Garu]. This wall, which still visible in many areas around the town was built with a mixture of special mortar and lumps of stones, making the town of Garu in-axcessable to invaders except through the only one highly fortified gate. The additional wall around the hilltop create a castle like fortification within an already walled town. Sarkin Dutse [Tsohon Mutum] Retired on the admonishment of his Queen named Yar-Gyatuma after 60 years on the throne C1737-1797 and was followed in succession by his two sons Natata C1797-1799 and Gwajabo C1797-1806. Sarkin Dutse Gwajabo was over thrown by [Salihi and Musa] the Jihadist Revolutionaries who captured Dutse in 1806.

The Ascendancy Of The Fulani In 1803

Unanimous Dutse traditions relate about Salihi and Musa of [Yalligawa and Jalligawa] Fulani clans respectively as the principle actors who led the movement that ushered in the ascendancy of Fulani rule in 1806. It appears that the duo as the head of their clans generally referred to as [ Fulata-Borno] migrated to what is now refered to as Dutse Gadawur from Birnin Gazargamo in Kanem- Borno Empire [Now in Yobe State] in 1801. These Fulani clans were better known as [Fellata] or [Fulbe]. They have been occupying the western part of the empire since the 16th century as a fertile grazing ground for their Livestock. They remained distinct and refusing either to be assimilated by the Kanuri majority nor participate politically in the government in Gazargamo, but have always paid local taxes, and grazing dues to the central government and local leaders in whose territories they resided. By the 18th century, mainly as a result of the weakening of the central government, the Fellata began to bear most of the hardship. Some scholars among them including Salihi and Musa began to criticize the government through preaching the virtues of good governance thereby pitching them against the government. In 1801, the two clans [Jalligawa and Yalligawa] were forced to migrate to what is now Dutse Gadawur, where political climate was much better. Here they have an opportunity to establish themselves as political leaders cum Islamic scholars by wining the hearts of the native people. Five years later, over threw the government of the Hausa ruler [Sarkin Dutse Gwajabo] in 1806 after answering the call of Othman bin Fodio, a man dubbed “the deliverer of the truth” They left for Zamfara in the company of Malam Sulemanu where a meeting to select a leader for the Fulani in Kano was called by Shehu Bin Fodiyo. Due to some reasons Shehu could not attend the meeting but was represented by Muhammad Bello, with the instruction to appoint Mallam Suleman as [the first Fulani ruler of Kano]. On their return from Zamfara they settled briefly in Marmara quarters in Kano city assisting [Sarkin Kano Suleman] in setting up an administration and the preparation for the final assault against the last Hausa King Alwali in 1806. In mid 1807, they seek Sulemanu’s permission to return to Dutse after the final assault at Burunburun. On their return to Dutse, [Sarkin Dutse Gwajabo] could not match their war skill, nor has he the capacity to challenge their control of over the people already in the mood for change. Sarkin Dutse [Gwajabo}on assessing the political atmosphere, relinquish power without a fight to the clans after negotiating his retirement. He retired until his death on a hill called [Jigawar Sarki] in Dutse metropolis. Defeat of EL-Kanemi forces In 1827, barely twenty six year after their migration, the El-Kanemi in an effort to re-capture their lost territories from the Sokoto caliphate came face to face with Sarkin Dutse Musa’s forces. Musa a war strategist hid his forces on the edge of river Kiyawa at a village that is now called FAKE a Hausa ward denoting hiding. He used his knowledge [as a Fellata] of the Kanem war strategies against them as he led his forces in an ambush when they least expected and caught them off- guard. The El- Kanemi forces had to flee in utter confusion back to Borno abandoning some of their possessions along the way through Guddiri territory [now Katagum]. It is as a result of this defeat, subsequent Dutse rulers were referred to as {Mai Barnawa} meaning chief of Kanuri as derogatory remark in a joking relationship between the Fellata and the Kanuri their former hosts and rulers.

JALLIGAWA AND YALLIGAWA [CLAN DUTSE RULERS]

Salihi dan Awwal - C1807-1819

Musa dan Ahmadu - C1819-1840

Bello dan Musa - C1840-1849

Suleiman dan Musa - C1849-1868

Ibrahim I dan Salihi - C1868-1884

Abdulkadir I dan Salihi - C1884-1893

Salihi dan Ibrahim - C1893-1894

brahim II dan Musa - C1894-1894

Abdulkadir II dan Musa - C1894-1901

Abdulkadir III dan Ibrahim - C1901-1903

Haladu dan Sulemanu - C1903-1910

Halilu dan Bello - C1910-1911

Hamida dan Ibrahim - C1912-1912

Abdullahi 1 dan Sulemanu - C1912-1919

Bello II dan Abdulkadir - C1919-1923

Suleiman II dan Nuhu - C1923-1960

Abdullahi Maikano Sulemanu - C1960-1983

Mohammadu Sunusi dan Bello - C1983-1995

Nuhu Muhammad Sanusi - C1995-2023

Muhammad Hamim Nuhu Sanusi - C2023-date.

It is significant to highlight that the ascendancy of Fulani in C1807 marks a turning point in the history of Dutse as it lost its independence and became submerged into Kano, as the clan leaders opted to recognize Sarkin Kano Sulaiman as their spiritual leader. In return however, Kano conceded a certain degree of autonomy to Dutse particularly in the sphere of Local administration. For instance the two ruling clans of Jalligawa and Yalligawa were reserved the exclusive right of producing successive Dutse rulers, while Kano’s role remained limited to confirmation and installation of nominated candidates for ruler ship. Such was the nature of the relationship between the two until the British conquest of Kano in 1903 and the subsequent administrative reforms introduced by the imperial power. The reforms fundamentally eroded the autonomy of Dutse and placed it under the introduced district head system as the new system of local administration all over Northern Region [including Kano Emirate]. Territories all across the emirate were re-grouped in to consolidated district areas. The then Sarkin Dutse [Haladu] was reverted to a salaried district head charged primarily with the responsibility of tax collection under the new dispensation. He later became the first victim of the new system as he was removed in 1910 for failing to collect adequate taxes. However, the exclusive hereditary right of the two ruling houses in Dutse was preserved after some attempts to change the arrangement.

1.9 Definition of the key terms

Assessment: Assessment refers to the systematic evaluation or appraisal of the impact, effectiveness, or quality of something. In this study, assessment refers to the evaluation of the effect of gender discrimination on decision-making in government.

Effect: Effect refers to the outcome, consequences, or result of a particular action, event, or phenomenon. In this study, effect refers to the impact or consequence of gender discrimination on decision-making in government.

Gender: Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, expectations, and norms that societies assign to individuals based on their perceived biological sex (male or female). It encompasses a wide range of identities and expressions that go beyond biological differences, reflecting cultural, social, and psychological aspects of being male, female, or non-binary.

Discrimination: Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on specific characteristics such as race, gender, age, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status. It involves actions or policies that result in unequal opportunities, privileges, or rights, often leading to exclusion, marginalization, or disadvantage for the affected individuals or groups.

Gender Discrimination: Gender discrimination refers to the unfair or prejudicial treatment of individuals based on their gender, which can result in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and services. Gender discrimination can take many forms.

Decision Making: Decision making refers to the process of selecting a course of action from available alternatives. In government decision-making involves policymakers, bureaucrats, and other stakeholders working together to develop, implement, and evaluate policies and programs.

1.10 Plan of the Study

This project is structure and outline in five chapters: Chapter one deal with general introduction, background to the study, statement of the problems, research questions, objectives of the studies, significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study, background of the study area, operational definition of key terms and Plan of the study.

While chapter two consists of literature review of the project. Here it began with introduction of the chapter conceptual clarifications, concept of gender, gender inequality in public sector, effects of gender discrimination on decision-making, problems of gender discrimination, women in decision-making, roles of women in decision-making, problems of decision making on gender discrimination in Nigeria, concept of decision making, importance of decision making, challenges of decision making on gender inequality in public sector, decision making model, an overview of gender discrimination on decision-making, the way forward, theoretical framework, choice one theory.

While chapter three consists of research methodology, introduction, research design, population of the study, sample size, sampling techniques, methods of data collection, method of data analysis.

while chapter four consist of Data presentation and analysis, introduction, demographic data of the respondent, response presentation and analysis, while chapter five consist of summary, conclusion, recommendation, bibliography, appendix (questionnaire design) 

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