ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE DUMP SITES ON SOIL AND WATER QUALITIES IN ABIA STATE

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ABSTRACT

An increase in industrialization, urbanization, and the rising demand for food and other essentials for human sustainability leads to a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by individuals, communities, and nations. In Abia State, particularly at the central entrance into the city of Umuahia, generated waste is thrown into open dump sites, causing a severe impact on soil, surface and ground water qualities. As a result, it has become a probable source of human health risk. Therefore, this study is aimed at assessing the effect of solid waste dump sites on surrounding soil and water qualities in Umuwaya Road, Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria. Three soil samples and three borehole water samples were collected and analyzed at different points for the groundwater quality and soil auger for the varying depths of 0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-45cm respectively labelled A, B, C and point D served as the control which was collected 1000m away from the dumpsite. Heavy metals from soil and borehole water were measured by using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy according to the method of APHA 1995. The physicochemical properties of the soil and water samples were also determined following standards. The data was analyzed using the descriptive SPSS statistical package. The concentration of heavy metals in soil samples revealed copper (0.01±0.00–0.26±0.07), cadmium (0.00±0.00–0.18±0.01), lead (0.03±0.01–0.40±0.03), iron (0.06±0.01–0.58± 0.02) and zinc (0.02±0.01–0.20± 0.04). All the water parameters and heavy metals screened in the samples were within the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) permissible limits, respectively. More so, it was observed from the result, that the concentration of the metals increased with places closer to the dump especially during the dry season and were largely at a reduced level with soil samples from the control site as well as the physical properties of water showed that the ground water had more aggregate of sand, followed by clay and then silt respectively. It is recommended that indiscriminate waste disposal should be prohibited completely in the capital city. Waste reduction, Recycling, Re-use and Sorting of all waste types should be promoted by the citizens of the state for a sustainable future.






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                           i

Declaration                                                                                                                         ii

Certification                                                                                                                     iii

Dedication                                                                                                                        iv

Acknowledgments                                                                                                               v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                 vi

List of Tables                                                                                                              ix

List of Figures                                                                                                                     x

Abstract                                                                                                                      xi

 

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of the Study                                                                                1

1.2       Statement of Research Problem                                                                     8

1.3       Objectives of the Study                                                                                  9

1.4       Justification and Significance of the Study                                                    10

 

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Waste and Types of Waste                                                                             11

2.1.1    Solid waste                                                                                                     11

2.1.2    Classification of solid waste                                                                           12

2.2       Landfill and Groundwater Pollution                                                              14

2.3       Waste Generation from Dumpsites and Method of Municipal Solid

Waste Disposal                                                                                               16

2.3.1    Waste generation                                                                                            16

2.3.2    Method of municipal solid waste disposal                                                     17

2.4       Heavy Metal Toxicity from Waste Dumpsite                                                20

2.5       Heavy Metal Contamination of Water                                                           23

2.6       Heavy Metals Contamination in Soil and Sediment                                      24

2.7       Major Toxicity Effects of Heavy Metals                                                        25

2.8       Solid Waste Management in Public Health                                                   26

2.9       Empirical Framework                                                                                     31

2.10     Research Gap                                                                                                  34


CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1       The Study Area                                                                                               35

3.2       Sample Collection                                                                                          37

3.3       Determination of Soil Physico-Chemical Parameters                                    38

3.3.1    Determination of soil pH                                                                                38

3.3.2    Determination of electrical conductivity of the soil                                       38

3.3.3    Determination of the soil organic carbon contents                                         39

3.3.4    Determination of the moisture content of the soil                                          39

3.3.5    Determination of the organic matter content of the soil                                 40

3.3.6    Determination of the soil particle sizes                                                          40

3.3.7    Determination of the total nitrogen contents of the soil                                 41

3.3.8    Determination of the organic carbon contents of the soil                              42

3.3.9    Determination of the available phosphorus                                                    42

3.3.10  Determination of the soil exchangeable bases                                               43

3.3.11  Determination of the exchangeable acidity                                                    43

3.3.12  Determination of the effective cation exchangeable capacity (ECEC)

            of the soil                                                                                                        43

3.3.13  Determination of the heavy metal concentrations in the soil                                   43

3.4       Methods for the Analysis of the Ground Water Quality                                45

3.4.1    Determination of the pH                                                                                 45

3.4.2    Determination of the electrical conductivity                                                  45

3.4.3    Determination of the turbidity                                                                        45

3.4.4    Determination of the total solid                                                                      46

3.4.5    Determination of the suspended solid                                                             46

3.4.6    Determination of the dissolved oxygen                                                          47

3.4.7    Determination of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)                            48

3.4.8    Determination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD)                                 48

3.4.9    Determination of the total alkalinity                                                              49

3.4.10  Determination of the total hardness                                                                50

3.4.11  Determination of calcium                                                                               51

3.4.12  Determination of phosphate                                                                           52

3.4.13  Determination of magnesium                                                                         53

3.4.14  Determination of the heavy metal concentrations of the ground water   53

3.5       Data Statistics and Presentation                                                                     54

 

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1       Results                                                                                                            55

4.2       Discussions                                                                                                     69

4.2.1    Physical properties of soil                                                                              69

4.2.2    Chemical properties of soil                                                                             70

4.2.3    Heavy metals                                                                                                  72

4.2.4    Water analysis                                                                                                73

4.2.5    Heavy metal of water                                                                                     75

 

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1       Conclusions                                                                                                    77

5.2       Recommendations                                                                                          78

5.3       Areas for Further Studies                                                                               78

5.4       Contribution to Knowledge                                                                            78

 

REFERENCES                                                                                                         80

APPENDIX                                                                                                               93






 

LIST OF TABLES

3.1:                  Various sample locations and their coordinates                                 38

4.1:                  Evaluation of soil physical properties in soil from waste dumps

                        around Umuwaya Road Umuahia                                                      55

4.2:                  Mean±SD of soil chemical properties in soil from waste dump

sites around Umuwaya Road Umuahia                                              57

4.3:                  Mean±SD of soil nutrient properties in soil from waste dumps

around Umuwaya Road Umuahia                                                      59

4.4:                  Mean±SD of heavy metal properties in soil from waste dumps

around Umuwaya Road Umuahia                                                      61

4.5:                  Mean±SD of physiochemical properties in borehole water around

Umuwaya Road Umuahia                                                                  63

 







 

LIST OF FIGURES

1:                     Map of the study area                                                                         36

 

 

 

 

 



CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The amount and variety of waste materials have increased with technological advancement, growing human population and industrial processes. The disposal of domestic, commercial and industrial garbage in the world is a problem that continues to grow with human civilization (Abdus-Salam, 2009). Thus; the growing rate of industrialization in Nigeria is gradually leading to contamination and deterioration of the environment these industrial development have been found to have resulted in environmental pollution and the greater volume of industrial chemical discharges has added to the growing pack of untreated domestic waste which contains heavy metals (Ogundele et al., 2013) which accumulates in the environment. Over time, the management of loads of these wastes in the environment have become an issue of global concerned.Improper municipal solid waste disposal and management causes all types of pollution: air, soil, and water (Pervez and Kafeel, 2013). Uncontrolled burning of municipal solid waste and improper incineration contributes significantly to urban pollution as well as associated greenhouse gases that are generated from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, and untreated waste which pollutes surrounding soil and water bodies. (Pervez and Kafeel, 2013).

Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities (Sohail and Yaser, 2015 ).

Indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes have contributed to environmental problems in variety of ways; municipal refuse dumps are important feeding sites for pestiferous species especially birds, rats, and stray animals; thereby contributing greatly to their sustenance and multiplication (Bellebaum, 2005). Another problem of these waste dumps is air pollution which sometimes results in temporary restrictions on movement of people and consequent slowing of economic activities in urban areas (Elaigwu et al., 2007). Perhaps of greater and longer term impact are the substances deposited on the soil that adversely impact the flora and fauna. Heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, cobalt and mercury are of concern primarily because of their potential to harm soil organisms, plants, animals and human beings (Adelekan and Alawode, 2011). In addition to affecting plant and animal health, heavy metals contained in municipal solid wastes may be leached from the soil and enter either surface water or groundwater thereby affecting water quality (Woodbury, 2005).

The standards of waste management is still poor and outdated in many developing countries, with poor documentation of waste generation rates and its composition, inefficient storage and collection systems, disposal of municipal wastes with toxic and hazardous waste, indiscriminate disposal or dumping of wastes and inefficient utilization of disposal site space. Proper treatment of the waste has therefore been a challenging task in most developing countries (Neczaj et al., 2005). Most cities spend 20-50 % of their annual budget on solid waste management and only 20-80% of the waste is collected (Achankeng, 2003).

Solid wastes are sources of environmental pollution through introduction of chemical substances above their threshold limits into the environment. Most forms of waste disposal have side effect on the environment, public health, and local economies (Pacyna and Pacyna, 2002). The discarding of domestic, commercial and industrial garbage which may contain heavy metals such as Pb, Cu, Cd, Hg, Mn, Zn from batteries, insecticides, nail polish cleaners, polyvinyl chloride made containers, pesticides and other various products is a predicament that continues to grow with human development.

The direct use of dumpsites for cultivating vegetables and the on-farm use of compost sourced from the dumpsites is a common practice in urban and suburban centers in Nigeria (Ogunyemi et al., 2003; Amusan et al., 2005). This practice is potentially harmful to the health and well being of the populace. When agricultural soils are polluted, these heavy metals are taken up by plants and consequently accumulate in their tissues (Trueby, 2003). Heavy metals enter the body system when these plants are directly or indirectly consumed, and also through air and water and may bioaccumulate over a period of time (Lenntech, 2004; UNEP/GPA, 2004). Soil is one of the repositories for anthropogenic wastes, One specific threat resulting from inadequate solid wastes disposal is the contamination by heavy metals that have significant toxic potential for the environment (soil, water and air), human’s beings and the exposed biodiversity (Tankari et al.,  2013). Toxicity sets in when the heavy metal content in the soil exceeds natural background level (Alloway and Ayres, 1997). This may cause ecological destruction and deterioration of environmental quality. Soils are able to biodegrade almost all organic compounds found in waste, converting them into harmless substances, since inorganic products such as heavy metals are non-biodegradable, thus they persist and accumulate in the soil (Nkop et al., 2016). The continuing increase in population and the rapid increase of industrial processes particularly in major cities have led to the emergence of development that have greater impact on human and the environment (Ogundele et al., 2013). Population explosion and urbanization have increased the quantities and types of solid wastes produced (Ogbonna, 2007). Municipal solid waste usually contains paper, food waste, metal scraps, glass, ceramics, and ashes. Decomposition or oxidation process releases the heavy metal contained in these wastes to the soil of the waste dumpsite thereby contaminating the soil (Ukpong et al., 2013).

Heavy metals can accumulate and persist in soils at environmental hazardous levels to crops and human health (Alloway and Ayres, 1997). Exposure to heavy metals may cause blood, bone disorders, kidney damage, decreased mental capacity and neurological damage (Asuquo et al., 2014; Awokunmi et al., 2010). Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs (Nkop et al., 2016).

Biochemical processes can mobilize the chemical substances contained in it to pollute water supplies and impact food chains. Heavy metal contamination in the soils is a major concern because of their toxicity and threat to human life and the environment. Landfills have been identified as one of the major threats to groundwater resources (USEPA, 1984; Fatta et al., 1999). Waste placed in landfills or open dumps are subjected to either groundwater underflow or infiltration from precipitation. Physical, chemical, and biological processes interact simultaneously to bring about the overall decomposition of the wastes. One of the byproducts of all these mechanisms is chemically laden waste.

Water is essential for life. Water covers majority of earth’s surface a very small percentage is available as fresh water that human can use. Groundwater is one of water resources. As Ground water provides drinking water to the people and it contains over 90% of the fresh water resources, the quality of ground water is of paramount importance. In recent years the risk of groundwater pollution has become one of the most important environmental concerns, particularly in developing countries, where most of the landfills have been built without any sound engineering design such as engineered liners and waste interception and collection system. Unless properly treated, waste that seeps from a landfill can infiltrate and contaminate the underlying groundwater (Kurniawan, 2011).

Despite different possibilities of municipal waste treatment, including recycling, composting and incineration, municipal landfills are still a common way of waste disposal in many regions of the world. Data from 2013 show that in 14 countries of the European Union, the share of landfilling is over 50 % and in 6 of these countries even over 75 % (Greece, Croatia, Cyprus, Latvia, Malta, Romania) (Eurostat, 2015). In USA, about 135 million tons of solid waste (53.8 %) were discarded in landfills in 2012 (USEPA, 2012). In most low to medium income developing countries, almost 100 % of municipal solid waste generated goes to landfills (Longe and Balogun, 2010).

Landfills pose serious threat to the quality of environment if they are incorrectly secured and improperly operated. The scale of this threat depends on the composition and quantity of waste, time of landfill exploitation, distance of a landfill from a plant, soil and water environment, etc. Groundwater contamination is a major concern in landfill operations because of the pollution effect of landfill waste and its potential health risks (Bhalla et al., 2012). Therefore, the migration of landfill waste into surface or groundwater is considered to be a serious environmental problem at both uncontrolled and engineered municipal landfill sites (Ettler et al., 2008). The environmental impact of the landfill leakage on groundwater quality has been noticed several times regardless of an ideal site selection and introduction of geo-membrane layers. Municipal landfill waste is highly concentrated complex effluents, which contain dissolved organic matter, inorganic compounds, heavy metals and xenobiotic organic substances (Christensen et al., 2001). Therefore, evaluation of a potential risk associated with groundwater contamination due to landfills is of great importance. To evaluate the groundwater contamination, WHO standards for drinking water are usually used (Longe and Balogun 2010; Vasanthavigar et al., 2010; Gibrilla et al., 2011). However, they are not always adequate for potentially strongly contaminated groundwater in the vicinity of a landfill. Besides, a large number of separate parameters do not easily provide a general view of the level of groundwater contamination (Backman et al., 1998). Several researchers have proposed different methods and indices for evaluation of groundwater quality data (Alobaidy et al., 2010; Gibrilla et al., 2011). The most popular is Horton’s water quality index (WQI), which is defined as a rating, reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters (Shivasharanappa et al., 2011).

Threats to the groundwater from the unlined and uncontrolled landfills exist in many parts of the world, particularly in the under-developed and developing countries where the hazardous industrial waste is also co- disposed with municipal waste and no provision of separate secured hazardous landfills exists. Even if there are no hazardous wastes placed in municipal landfills, the waste is still reported as a significant threat to groundwater (Kumar and Alappat, 2005).

Open dumping of solid waste remain the prevailing form of waste disposal in developing countries like Nigeria. Contamination of water bodies has become an issue of serious environmental concern (Akpoveta et al, 2010).  Since urban population is increasing due to various factors like better employment opportunities, and concentration of industries than the rural areas. Municipal solid waste management gets the lowest priority, mainly because disruptions and deficiencies in it do not directly and immediately affect public life and cause public reaction (Rao and Shantaram, 2003). Lack of proper municipal bodies to manage the solid waste generated from residential, commercial and institutional activities, therefore the populace decided to dump their solid waste in any available space within the community, by so doing it get accumulated with time.

Therefore, supply of adequate fresh water in large quantity to meet the increasing population’s demand and maintaining the quality is now a thing of concern (Elinge et al, 2011). Hence contamination of ground water through the infiltration of waste via the soil and rocks needs to be avoided. It normally takes many years and takes place within a particular distance from the dump site. With these problems there is need for another source of water supplies which is ground water, but due to lack of proper waste management the groundwater is usually affected by the refuse dump site. Water is said to be polluted when the water body is adversely affected by both the organic and inorganic contaminants (Oliver and Ismaila, 2011).

Understanding the elements of pollution formation and the effects pollutants have on our environment is helpful. Note that the materials in the dump determine what pollutants will move, or leach, as well as the extent of contamination of groundwater. The age of the dump along with physical, chemical, and biological conditions inside determine the extent and rate of degradation of materials and the release of pollutants. Important factors include temperature, the presence of oxygen, pH, the presence of bacteria, precipitation, mobility, and leachability of contaminants (Adelekan, 2010).

The commonly practiced waste management option in Nigeria, basically involves the collection of mixed waste materials and subsequent dumping at designated dumpsites. It is not a practice to separate waste materials at source or any point during its management (Adekunle et al., 2011). Many approaches have been used to assess the contamination of underground water. It can be assessed either by the experimental determination of the impurities or their estimation through mathematical modeling (Butwa et al., 1989; Stoline et al., 1993; Hudak, 1998; Moo-Young et al., 2004). Solid waste dumped along roadsides are usually left over a long time to decompose naturally by micro-organisms, eaten by animals, picked by scavengers or washed away by the floods into the larger creek and rivers thus affecting the surface water quality of contamination and are stored faster than they are excreted (Ogbonna et al., 2007; Zheng et al., 2007; Adepoju-Bello et al., 2012).

1.2       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The impacts of solid waste on health and environment has been an issue of global concern over the years (Barloz et al., 2003; Kouznetsova et al., 2007; Goorah et al., 2009). The rapid growing waste generation rates and high cost of waste disposal, depletion of landfill space and the problem of obtaining new disposal sites resulting in open dumping are unresolved issues (Kadafa et al., 2013). Improper waste handling and management pose great threats to the environment and public health (Kadafa et al., 2013). This is prominent in developing countries such as Nigeria. Indiscriminate dumping of solid waste and poor solid waste management within Umuahia municipal has been one of the issues that hinders development of the town. Umuwaya road waste dump site contain varieties of municipal solid wastes in addition to the associated heavy metals, and thus serve as a breeding site for most insects and rodents. The decomposition of the organic waste in the waste dump site pose serious environmental challenge to the populace. Soil from dumpsites have been found to contains high concentrations of organic matter, heavy metals, nutrients and pathogens, which if not properly collected and treated can cause serious pollution of surface and groundwater sources (Chadetrik and Arabinda, 2010).  Furthermore, the presence of heavy metals at high concentrations in waste dump leachate have been found to induce toxic effects to microbes, making it difficult to treat biologically (Sawaittayothin and Polprasert, 2007). The environmental problem associated with heavy metals is that they are unaffected during degradation of organic waste and have toxic effects on living organisms when exceeding a certain concentration Aurangabadkar et al. (2001). Furthermore, when the compost from municipal solid waste is used as manure some heavy metals are being subjected to bioaccumulation and may cause risk to human health by ingestion of victuals contaminated with heavy metals (Esakku et al., 2003).  It is against this background that this study is set to investigate “The Effects of Solid Waste Dump on Soil and Ground Water Quality within Umuwaya (Isi-Gate Road Axis) Umuahia, Abia State”.

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is to determine the effect of solid waste dump on soil and ground water quality dynamics in Umuwaya, Isi-gate, Umuahia, Abia State.

The specific objectives of the study are as follows, to:

i)      Determine the physiochemical and nutrient compositions of the soil of Umuwaya road solid waste dumpsite,

ii)    Determine the heavy metal concentrations such as Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pd), Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) in the soil of Umuwaya road solid waste dumpsite,

iii)  Determine the physiochemical compositions of the borehole water within Umuwaya road solid waste dumpsite and

iv)   Determine the heavy metal compositions of the borehole water within Umuwaya road solid waste dump site.

1.4       JUSTIFICATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study is necessary because it will indicate the impact of waste dumps on the soil and water quality within Umuwaya road, this will in turn enhance the knowledge of the people on the effects of waste on soil matrix as well as the sources of pollutants and their possible health implications on human beings, demonstrating the severity of risks associated with municipal waste dumps in an environment.

 

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