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ANTIOXIDANT AND DIURETIC ACTIVITIES OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF COMBRETUM RACEMOSUM (P. BEAUV.) ON ALBINO RATS.

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009692

No of Pages: 47

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

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ABSTRACT


Combretum racemosum (P. Beauv.) commonly known as “Christmas rose” in Southern Nigeria local English is a plant that has been in use for several years by African traditional healers in the treatment of haemorrhoids, convulsive coughing, tuberculosis, toothache, male sterility and as condiments in soups. This study was designed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and diuretic activities of the ethanolic extract of C. racemosum leaves on experimental model albino rats. The acute toxicity (LD50) of C. racemosum leaves was carried out on the albino rats using standard method. The result showed a lethal dose (LD50) > 5500mg/kg of the extract. In the in vitro antioxidant test, there was a concentration dependent increase in the percentage (%) scavenging activity when compared with the Vitamin C (control) for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Nitric oxide and Anti-lipid peroxidation activity of C. racemosum leavesThe result exhibited a significant difference at higher concentration when compared to the control. The IC50 values of the plant extract were observed which measures its antioxidant effectiveness. The ethanolic extract also exhibited a significant increase in urine volume and the electrolyte at different concentration from 187.5mg/ml to 3000mg/ml. At 3000mg/ml (0.7 ± 0.14) and 1500mg/ml (0.45 ± 0.07) concentrations, the extract exhibited a significant difference in sodium (Na+) excretion (87.4 ± 1.70) and (76.65 ± 0.49) respectively. The potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) level decreases as the concentration decreases from 3000mg/ml to 187.5mg/ml. The decrease in the electrolyte level as the concentration of the doses decreases exhibited a significant difference (P<0.05). From the result generated, the ethanolic extract of C. racemosum leaves is an effective natural antioxidant and can induce diuresis at very high dosage.

 









TABLE OF CONTENT


Title page                                                                                                                                i

Declaration                                                                                                                             ii

Certification                                                                                                                           iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  v

Table of contents                                                                                                                    vi

List of tables’                                                                                                                          viii

List of plates and figures                                                                                                        ix

Abstract                                                                                                                                  x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0           Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       background of study                                                                                                   1

1.2       Aims and objectives                                                                                                   3

1.3       Justification                                                                                                                3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature review                                                                                                        4

2.1       Medicinal plants                                                                                                         4

2.2       Botanical description of Combretum racemosum                                                      5

2.2.1    Uses of Combretum racemosum                                                                                 6

2.3       Antioxidant                                                                                                                 6

2.4       Diuretics                                                                                                                     9

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and Methods                                                                                               14

3.1       Material                                                                                                                      14

3.1.1    Plant material                                                                                                             14

3.1.2    Extraction of the plant material                                                                                  14

3.1.3    Experimental animal                                                                                                  14

3.2       Antioxidant activity of Combretum racemosum leaves                                             15

3.2.1    Determination of DPPH radical scavenging activity                                                 16

3.2.2      Determination of Nitric oxide scavenging activity                                                    16

3.2.3    Determination of Anti-lipid peroxidation activity                                                     16

3.3       Diuretic activity                                                                                                          17

3.3.1    Experimental design                                                                                                   17

3.3.2    Measurement of urine output and analysis of electrolyte                                          17

3.4       Lethal Dose (LD50)                                                                                                     18

3.4.1    Acute toxicity test                                                                                                       18

3.5       Statistical analysis                                                                                                      18

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Result                                                                                                                          20

4.1       Acute toxicity result                                                                                                   20

4.2       Evaluation of ethanolic extract fraction of C. racemosum for antioxidant activity     20

4.2.1    DPPH photometric assay                                                                                            20

4.2.2    Evaluation of Nitric oxide inhibition activity of C. racemosum and Vitamin C 21

4.2.3    Evaluation of lipid peroxidation activity of C. racemosum and Vitamin C                   22

4.3       Diuretic effect                                                                                                             23

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion                                                                                                                   28

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                                  31

 

REFERENCES

 

 



 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

 

TABLE 1:    Result of acute toxicity test

 

TABLE 2:    Result of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with Vitamin C

 

TABLE 3:    Result of Nitric Oxide inhibition activity with Vitamin C

 

TABLE 4:    Result of Anti-lipid peroxidation activity with Vitamin C

 

TABLE 5:    Diuretic result

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES

 

PLATE 1:    Experimental animal

 

FIGURE 1:  Combretum racemosum

 

FIGURE 2:  Bar chart showing the different level of urine volume

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


1.1       BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The Combretaceae family includes more than 600 species distributed among about 20 genera, with pantropical distribution. Combretum is one of the two most commonly occurring genera with about 370 species and is widely used in Africa (Stace, 2007). Species of Combretum have been of interest in the last two decades due to the isolation of some compounds with highly significant activities in anticancer anti-infectious model (McKeage, 2011; Okwuosa et al., 2006). This has made the Combretum a very important group to search for bioactive compounds.

Combretum racemosum (P. Beauv.) is a straggling shrub widespread across Africa that bears a mass of crimson flowers which is very spectacular, commonly known as Christmas rose in the Southern Nigerian local English (Burkill, 1985). The plant has been used for several years in African traditional medical practices and as a condiment in soups. In addition to its anthelmintics (Okwuosa et al., 2006), trypanocidal and antimicrobial properties for genitor-urinary and gastrointestinal infections (Onocha et al., 2005), the plant is also used for the treatment of haemorrhoids, convulsive coughing, tuberculosis, toothache and male sterility (Burkill, 1985).

Antioxidants are naturally occurring plant substances that protect the body from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. Antioxidants help prevent oxidation, which can cause damage to cells and may contribute to aging. They may improve immune functions and perhaps lower the risk for infections, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Antioxidant exists as vitamins, minerals and other compounds in foods. A diet containing plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains and nuts can supply all the antioxidants your body needs. Diets rich in antioxidants can be very beneficial. Antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reaction can produce free radicals. In turns this radicals can start chain reactions that damage cells. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. They do this by being oxidized themselves, so antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols (Sies, 1997). Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging; hence plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes, causes oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells. Antioxidants are widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements in the hope of maintaining health and preventing diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease.

Although initial studies suggested that antioxidant supplements might promote health, later large clinical trials did not detect any benefit and suggested instead that excess supplementation may be harmful (Bjelakovic et al., 2007). In addition to these uses of natural antioxidants in medicine, these compounds have many industrial uses such as preservatives in food and cosmetics and preventing the degradation of rubber and gasoline.

Diuretic are commonly defined as drugs that increase the amount of urine output by the kidneys. One of the important and well documented uses of plant products is their use as diuretic agents. These agents augment the renal excretion of sodium and either chloride or bicarbonate primarily, and water excretion secondarily (Barrar, 2003). Diuretic drugs increase the rate of urine flow and sodium excretion, and are used to adjust the volume and composition of body fluids in a variety of clinical situations. Drug-induced diuresis is helpful in many life-threatening conditions such as congestive cardiac failure (CCF), nephritic syndrome, cirrhosis, renal failure, toxemia of pregnancy, premenstrual tension, and hypertension (Pandya et al., 2012; Sravani et al., 2010). Most diuretic drugs have the adverse effect on quality of life, inducing impotence, fatigue and weakness. Naturally occurring diuretics include caffeine, coffee tea, and Kola accuminata which inhibit sodium reabsorption of alcoholic beer (Umesh et al., 2010). Most indigenous drugs have been claimed to have diuretic effects.


1.2       AIM AND OBJECTIVE

The aim and objective of this research is to determine the antioxidant and diuretic activities of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. racemosum on wister albino rats.


1.3       JUSTIFICATION

This study was undertaken to justify the claims of traditional healers that C. racemosum can be used to treat oxidative stress caused by free radicals and induce diuretic activities and to also know if other benefits can be derived from the plant which can be utilized in the chemical pharmaceutical industries.

 

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