ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial effect of some honey samples obtained from National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike and Mbaise were tested on some fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the honeys were also determined. Results obtained reveal that the honey samples showed varying levels of inhibitory activity at various concentrations against the fungi tested with zones of inhibition increasing with increasing honey concentration. Penicillium chrysogenum was the most sensitive of all the fungal isolates studied, value at 21mm at 100% in honey from National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike and 22mm at 100% in honey from Mbaise. While C. albicans was the least sensitive, value at 18mm at 100% in honey from National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike and 19mm in honey from Mbaise. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value from 40 – 60% concentration while the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value from 20 – 40% concentration. The samples of honey used in the study showed broad spectrum and promising antifungal effect. Nigerian honey can serve as sources of antifungal substances for possible development of antifungal drugs for the treatment of fungal infections.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of contents v
List of tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aims and Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Literature Review 3
2.2 Local test for real Honey 5
2.2.1 Classification of Honey 5
2.2.2 Extraction 6
2.2.3 Preservation 6
2.3 Properties and active ingredients of honey 7
2.4 Mode of action of some of the antibacterial substances in honey 8
2.4.1 High osmotic pressure 8
2.4.2 Low water activity 8
2.4.3 Glucose oxidase enzyme 8
2.4.4 Low pH/ acidic environment 9
2.5 Clinical conditions that respond to treatment with honey 9
2.6 Honey as an antibacterial agent 10
2.6.1 Practical consideration for the clinical use of honey 12
2.6.2 Adverse reaction of honey 12
2.7 Nutritional and health benefits of honey 13
2.7.1 Health 13
2.7.2 Gastroenterology 13
2.7.3 Infants 14
2.8 Fungal pathogens 15
2.8.1 Aspergillus niger 15
2.8.2 Uses of Aspergillus niger 15
2.8.3 Penicillium chrysogenum 15
2.8.4 Uses of Penicillium chrysogenum 16
2.8.5 Candida albicans 16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Material and methods 17
3.1 Material 17
3.2 Methods 17
3.2.1 Collection of samples 17
3.2.2 Microorganisms used 17
3.2.3 Honey preparation 18
3.2.4 Media used 18
3.2.5 Preparation of Inoculum 18
3.3 Determination of antifungal activities 18
3.4 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 19
3.5 Determination of minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) 19
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Results 21
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion 26
5.2 Conclusion 28
REFERENCES 29
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES TITLE PAGE
1: The zone of inhibition on the effect of undiluted honey on some
fungal pathogens. 22
2: Antimicrobial effect of honey sample on the test organisms. 23
3: Minimum inhibitory concentration of the honey samples
against test organisms. 24
4: Minimum fungicidal concentration of the honey samples
against test organisms. 25
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by honeybees from the nectar of blossoms or from the secretions of living parts of plants or excretions of plant- sucking insects on the living parts of plants, which honeybees collect, transform, and combine with specific substances of their own, store, and leave in the honeycomb to ripen and mature (Alimentarius., 2001). It has been reported that honey contains carbohydrates, mainly fructose and glucose in addition to about 25 different oligosaccharides (Bogdanov et al., 2008). Honey possesses powerful antimicrobial properties that can be utilized at low cost and at no risk (Fessenden., 2008). Various studies have reported the antimicrobial effect of honey (Agbaje et al., 2006; Portillo et al., 2001; Vilma et al., 2007). Honey has been shown by (Mekky., 2007) to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and reduce aflatoxin B1 and B2 levels. The intrinsic properties of honey have been reported to affect the growth and survival of microorganisms by bacteriostatic or bactericidal actions (Iurlina and Fritz., 2005). Although several in vitro studies have demonstrated the antibacterial properties of honey (Lusby et al., 2005; Kwakman, 2008; Hassanain et al., 2010), few have examined the action against fungi. The incidence of fungal infections is increasing in both the community and hospital environments with several causative agents including yeasts with Candida spp., among the leading organisms (Abi-Said et al., 1997; Pfaller and Diekema., 2002) and filamentous fungi. Antifungal action of honey has been observed against the yeast Candida albicans and most species of Aspergillus baumannii and Penicillium chrysogenum (Willix et al., 1992) as well as all the common dermatophytes (Brady et al., 1997). The production and type of honey produced by honeybees is dependent on the natural vegetative flowers blooming in different seasons. Thus, the flowers from which bees gather nectar to produce honey may contribute to the difference in the antimicrobial effect. However, large variations in the in-vitro antibacterial activity of various types of honey have been reported and thus hampered its acceptance in modern medicine (Kwakman., 2008). Honey is farmed and used in several parts of Nigeria. Initially, local farmers harvested the honey from the wild but today, apiculture is being practiced in many parts of the country. Whereas there are large volumes of data on the biological activities of honeys from different parts of the world, including North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and South Africa, there is a dearth of data on the biological activities of Nigerian honeys. Although some researchers (Adesunkanmi and Oyelami., 1994; Omafuvbe and Akanbi, 2009) have reported the antibacterial effect of honey collected from Nigeria, information about the antifungal effect of Nigerian honey are still scarce.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To determine the inhibitory activities of honey on fungal isolates (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum,).
To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of honey on Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum.
To determine the Minimum fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of honey on Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysogenum .
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment