ABSTRACT
The antibiogram of organisms of public health importance from tiger nut wash water sold in Umuahia was evaluated by standard microbial methods. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, E. coli, Pseudomonas spp, Enterobacter spp. The Gram positive isolate (Staphylococcus aureu) was highly susceptible to Levofloxacin (66.6%) followed by Chloramphenicol (58.33%) and Erythromycin (58.33%) while it showed highest resistance is Oxacilin (83.33%) followed by Norflaxacin (66.66%).
The Multiple Antibiotics Resistance Index (MARI) ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 for Gram positive isolate, while it ranged from 0.12 to 0.6 for Gram negative. The phenotypic characteristics of the organisms showed varied resistance patterns to the antibiotic used. The presence of these organisms of public health importance shows the hazard level of consuming tiger nut without adequate washing.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification
page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements
iv
Table of
contents v
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE-INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 aim and objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO-LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.0 Tiger Nuts 3
2.1 Organisms of Public Health Importance 6
2.1.1 Pseudomonas 6
2.1.2 Escherichia coli 6
2.1.3 Salmonella 7
2.1.4 Shigella 8
2.2 Wash
Water 9
2.2.1 Water
is a scarce resource 9
2.2.2 Food Security 10
2.2.3 Demographics 10
2.2.4 Overuse 10
2.2.5 Environmental change 11
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD 12
3.1 Collection of Sample 12
3.2 Materials/Media Used 12
3.2.1 Sterilization of Material 12
3.3 Microbiological Analysis 12
3.3.1 Preparation of Sample 12
3.3.2 Identification and Characterization of
Bacteria Isolates 13
3.4 Identification of Bacteria Isolates 13
3.4.1 Motility Test 13
3.4.2 Gram Staining 14
3.5 Biochemical Test 14
3.5.1 Indole Test 14
3.5.2 Methyl Red Test 15
3.5.3 Voges Proskaeur (VP) test 15
3.5.4 Citrate Utilization Test 15
3.5.5 Urea Hydrolysis Test 15
3.5.6 H2S Production 16
3.5.7 Catalase Test 16
3.5.8 Coagulase Test 16
3.5.9 Oxidase Test 16
3.6 Determination Of Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Pattern 17
3.6.1 Disk sensitivity tests 17
CHAPTER FOUR 18
RESULTS 18
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION 28
5.1 Discussion 28
5.2 Conclusion 30
5.3 Recommendations 30
REFERENCES 31
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Pages
1 Characterization and identification of
isolates 19
2 Diameter zone of inhibition of
antibiotics (in mm) for gram positive organism 23
3 Diameter zone of inhibition of
antibiotics (in mm) for
gram negative organism isolated 24
4 Multiple antibiotics resistance index
(mari) and phenotype of
gram positive organism 25
5 Multiple antibiotics resistance index
(MARI) and phenotype of
gram negative organism 27
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Tiger
nut (Cyperus esculentus L.), also
classified as a nut have been recognized as one of the best nutritional crop
that can used to augment the diet of human population (Afenu, 2008).
Consumption
of Tiger nut is healthy and aids in preventing heart attacks, thrombosis and
activities blood circulation; it also helps in preventing colon cacers due to
nits high content of soluble glucose (Adejuyitan et al., 2009). Tiger nut is cultivated for both human and livestock
consumption. The nuts can be eaten raw, baked or roasted or processed further
into a drink. It can also be used as a flavouring agent for ice creams and
biscuit (Bolarinwa et al., 2009) and
can also be used as a substitute for almonds in confectionery.
Tiger
nuts are excellent sources of minerals such as phosphorous, potassium, vitamins
E and C, starch, fat, sugars, protein (Belewu and Belewu, 2007). The nuts
contain oil which is used in cooking and for the manufacture of body and hair
creams. The nuts are valued for their highly nutritious starch content, dietary
fibre, carbohydrate (mono, di and poly saccharides). The nut was reported to be
rich in sucrose (17.4 to 20.0%), fat (25.50%), and protein (8%). The nut is
also very rich in mineral content (Sodium, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Zinc
and trace of Copper) (Farhath et al., 2001).
The nut is higher in oil content and the oil was implicated as a lauric acid
grade oil which bis non-acidic, stable, non-drying and and of very low
unsaturated level.
Tiger
nuts are regarded as a digestive tonic having a heating and drying effect in
digestive system and alleviating flatulence. They also promote urine
production. The nuts are said to be stimulant and tonic and also used in the
treatment of indigestion, colic diarrhea, dysentery and excessive thirst
(Abaejoh et al., 2006). The qualities
of Tiger nut in this context (Cyperus
esculent) stimulate its inclusion
in the preparation of beverages so as to provide protein- rich at affordable
price in place of animal protein which is scarce and expensive. Despite these
benefits, Tiger nut is currently an underutilized crop in most areas.
The
sellers often use their fingers to dispense the Tiger nuts into either old
newspaper or polythene wrappers and bought ready to be eaten. According to
(Bolarinwa et al., 2009) Tiger nut
from the farm to the point of sale are likely to be exposed to all forms of
contamination including micro organisms.
The
Tiger nuts are sold packaged in plain polythene bags in markets and on the road
side. The majority of the people buying the nuts purchases them whilst in a
vehicle are consumed without washing because they assumed sellers has washed
them already. Studies so far in some parts of the world have found some contaminants.
Adebanjo in 1993 found aflatoxins present at toxicologically unsafe levels on
Tiger nuts. Other contaminants such as stones, animal droppings and some other
extraneous materials have been found to be associated with Tiger nuts. In most
parts of Africa, the passion for eating out weighs other considerations such as
food safety; this drive has led to considerable rise in food borne
intoxications and contaminations ( Chukwuma et
al., 2010).
This
studies aim at identifying organisms of public health importance in tiger nut
wash water and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1. To
isolate and identify different organisms of public health importance from tiger
nut wash water
2. To determine antibiogram of different
organisms isolated
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