ABSTRACT
The antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts of Costus afer stem and leaves were investigated on some pathogenic organisms namely; E. coli, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disc diffusion method. Medicinal plants play a great role in human life and have substances that are used for traditional therapeutic and modern drug production purposes in primary health care delivery. Costus afer as a medicinal plant is commonly used for traditional therapeutic and other socio cultural purposes such as wrapping of indigenous food items, mat making, feed to small ruminants treatment of cough, measles, malaria, eye defects, hunch back and evil repellents. The major constituent of C. afer for modern drug production are steroidal sapogenins, saponins aferosides A.C and dioscin.
Table of contents
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of contents v
List of table vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction And Literature Review 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 Aims and Objective of the Study 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review 4
2.1
Costus afer 5
2.1.1 Growth and Development 5
2.1.2
Ecology 6
2.1.3
Propagation and Planting 6
2.1.4
Diseases and Pests 6
2.1.5
Harvesting 6
2.2
Phytochemical of Costus afer 6
2.3
Contributions of Medicinal Plants to Public Health. 7
2.4
Photochemistry of Medicinal Plants. 7
2.4.1
Alkaloids 8
2.4.2
Anthraquinones 8
2.4.3
Flavonoids 9
2.4.4
Tannins 9
2.4.5
Saponins 10
2.3
Pathogenicity of the Test Organisms 11
2.3.1 Staphylococcus
aureus 11
2.3.2 Escherichia coli 12
2.3.3 Shigella spp 14
2.3.4 Salomonella spp 15
2.3.5 Staphylococcus epidermidis 15
3.3.6 Streptococcus spp 16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methods And Materials 18
3.1 Materials 18
3.2 Methods 18
3.2.1
Preparation of Crude Extracts of the
Plant Materials. 18
3.2.2 Sterilization of Glass Wares 19
3.2.3 Preparation of Culture Media And Sterility
Test. 19
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Results 20
4.1 Yield of Plant Extracts 21
4.2 The Result of the Gram Staining And The
Biochemical Tests. 21
4.3 Antibacterial Sensitivity Assay of
Different Extracts 21
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion 24
5.1 Conclusion 25
5.2 Recommendation 25
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Little Page
1
Statistical Analysis on Costus afer Leaves 22
2
Statistical Analysis
on Costus afer Stem 23
CHAPTER
ONE
2.0
1.1 INTRODUCTION
According
to Coopasamy and Megwa (2006) plants contain chemical constituents that have great
potential for medical use, therefore, these medicinal plants are used by both
traditional companies. They are capable of preventing and fighting bacterial,
fungal and viral infections (Mathabe et
al., 2006, Bessong and Obi, 2006). They have been found to be effective in
the treatment of skin disease, tuberculosis, diabetics, jaundice, hypertension,
cancer etc. (Verma and Singh, 2008).
Medicinal
plant play a vital role in the development of therapeutic agents. Verma and
Singh (2008) reported that medicinal plants are important sources of medicines
and presently, about 25% of pharmaceutical prescriptions in the united states
contain at least one plant derived ingredient.
The
antibacterial activities of many plant extracts against microorganism in vitro
have been shown. For example, ginger extract were found to be active against Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (Iwu, 1993). According to Lamidi et al., (1995), Garcinina is also used
in the treatment of Liver disorder bronchiotitis and throat infections.
Extracts of green pepper, garlic and onion were bacteriostatic on Shigella dysenterial and salmonella
typhic (Sofowora, 1983).
Although
a lot of works on the antimicrobial activities of Costus afer on microorganism has not been done, but it has been
used in the treatment of many disease by the traditional doctors. The juice is
taken orally for the treatment of cough, respiratory problems, throat and
stomach ache, while the boiled tender leaves are used as soothing fermentation
for rheumatic pains. The leaf sap is used to treat malaria, it is also used as
eye drops to treat eye problems and as nose drops to headache. The water
extract of the root is used to treat diarrhea and amoebic dysentery. The stem
sap applied to treat urethral discharge, veneral diseases, jaundice and to
prevent miscarriages.
However,
Odoemena et al., (2008) reported that
the extracts of the leaves, stems and roots of costus after showed significant antibacterial activity in vitro
against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella and Shigella spp, Staphylococcus
epidemidis.
The
ability of microorganism to develop resistance against many antibiotics due to
the indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs (Ahmed et al., 1998) and the side effects of antibiotics (Cunha, 2001)
have allowed traditional medicine to serve as a source of alternative medicine,
new pharmaceuticals and health care products (Reddy and Jose, 2010). Commented
that the usage of antimicrobial compounds of medicinal plants has advantages
over the synthetic antibiotics, since they have little or no side effects,
better patient tolerance and relatively less expensive. Non availability of
rigid quality control profile fro herbal materials, herbal formulations, heavy
microbial load resulting from the plant contamination, shelf life determination
in terms of stability and preservation, particularly on liquid dosage forms
have posed important fundamental challenges in the herbal drug industry (Verma
and Singh, 2008, Elujoba et al.,
2005).
However
according to Verma and Singh (2008), the practice of herbal medicines is still
in progress, since it has made a great contribution toward the maintenance of
human health. The world health organization has for several decades, supported,
promoted and assisted the development of traditional medicine in the bid to
move the African health Agenda forward, particularly for the less- developed
countries of the world (Elujoba, et al.,
2005).
1.1.2 AIMS
AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
To
determine the antibacterial activities of Costus
afer extracts on some pathogenic microorganism such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella, Shigella, and to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
(MIC) of the extracts on the pathogens.
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