AERO FLORA OF MEDICAL LABORATORIES IN UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE

ABSTRACT

Microbial damage in indoor or outdoor areas, is caused most frequently by molds and bacteria. The aim of this research is to identify and isolate air microflora in medical laboratories in Umuahia, Abia State. Prepared plates were exposed to air for 30mins at different sites in the respective medical laboratories. After sampling, all plates were immediately taken to the microbiology laboratory and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours for isolation of bacteria. The colonies were sub-cultured onto a new fresh medium in order to obtain pure culture. After incubation and series of biochemical tests , a total of seven microbial genera were revealed which include Bacillus specie, Staphylococcus aureus, Microococcus species, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, and four fungal genera which belong to Aspergillus niger and Penincillium sp, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. the percentage occurrences of the isolated organisms are Bacillus species (23.0%), S. aureus (23.0%), were predominant, followed by Micrococcus spp (13.5%), E.coli (13.5%),  P. aeruginosa (13.5%), Streptococcus spp (9.0%),  while  Klebsiella spp (4.5%) was least predominant while the percentage occurrence of fungal isolates. A. niger (40%) was predominant followed by Penicillium spp (30%), A. fumigatus (20%), and A flavus (10%). All the drugs inhibited Bacillus spp except Norfloxacin and Septrin. Norfloxacin Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Septrin and Augumentin didn’t inhibit S.aureus but others did. Every one of the drugs inhibited micrococcus spp. Except Levofloxacin, Rifampicin, Amoxil, Norfloxacin and E. all the drugs inhibited  E. coli. Only Septrin and Augumentin didn’t inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp, but others did. In order to develop the quality of indoor air in our medical laboratories buildings overcrowding has to be avoided, good ventilation systems has to be designed and good hygiene practice must be observed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

Lists of Tables                                                                                                                        vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                   viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1 Aims and Objectives                                                                                                          3

1.2 Objectives                                                                                                                         3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review                                                                                                                         4

2.1 Air Pollution                                                                                                                     7

2.2 Airborne Microbial Load in Hospitals                                                                             8

2.3 Bioaerosols                                                                                                                       9

2.4 Types of Bioaerosols                                                                                                        9

2.5.1 Ejection of bioaerosols into the atmosphere                                                                  17

2.5.2 Small scale transport via clouds                                                                                    17

2.5.3 Large scale transport via dust plumes                                                                           18

2.4 Sources Influencing Bioaerosols                                                                                      20

2.5 Factors Affecting Bioaerosols                                                                                          21

2.6 Health Risks                                                                                                                      22

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Methods                                                                                                     25

3.1 Collection of Samples                                                                                                      25

3.2 Media Used                                                                                                                       25

3.3 Sterilization                                                                                                                      26

3.4 Isolation of Microorganisms                                                                                             26

3.5 Characterization and Identification of the Bacterial Isolates                                           26

3.5.1 Grams Staining                                                                                                              26

3.6 Biochemical Characteristics of the Isolates                                                                      27

3.6.1 Motility Test                                                                                                                  27

3.6.2 Indole Test                                                                                                                     28

3.6.3 Citrate Utilization                                                                                                          28

3.6.4 Sugar Fermentation                                                                                                       28

3.6.5 Oxidase Test                                                                                                                  29

3.6.6 Coagulase Test                                                                                                               29

3.6.7 Urease Test                                                                                                                    29

3.6.8 Methyl Red/ Voges Proskauer Test                                                                               30

3.6.9 Sugar Fermentation Tests                                                                                              30

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                        31       

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation                                                          40

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   40

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  43

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        43                    References                                                                                                                  44                                                                                                                   

LIST OF TABLES

Table                           Title                                                                Page

1               Pathogenic Microorganisms associated with the air medical laboratories           34

2               Identification and characterization of isolated bacteria                                  35

3               Identification of fungi isolated from air of medical laboratories                               36

4               Antibiotics sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated                                          37

5                from air of medical laboratories

6               Percentage occurrence of the isolated organisms                                           38

7               Percentage occurrence of isolated Fungal isolates                                         39

CHAPTER ONE

1.0         INTRODUCTION

Microorganisms are ubiquitous, and mixtures of microbes are often transferred to everyday objects from the environment and infected individuals. Microbial damage in indoor/ outdoor areas, is caused most frequently by molds and bacteria. These micro-organisms have a very important role in the biogeochemical cycle, as their task consists of disintegrating organic mass to reusable metabolites. Air pollution plays a significant role in airborne diseases which is linked to asthma. Pollutants are said to influence lung function by increasing air way inflammation (Mitchell et al., 1994).

 Pathogenic microbes are transmissible via air, skin, food, water and other interpersonal contacts, and in most cases, they cause diseases and infections. In the environment spores of molds and bacteria may become airborne and are therefore ubiquitous. Airborne diseases include any disease that are caused by pathogens and transmitted through the air. Airborne pathogens or allergens often cause inflammation in the nose, throat, sinuses and the lungs. This is caused by the inhalation of these pathogens that affect a person's respiratory system or even the rest of the body. Sinus congestion, coughing and sore throats are examples of inflammation of the upper respiratory air way due to these airborne agents. The air inhaled by people is abundantly populated with microorganisms which form so-called bioaerosol (Wojtatowicz et al., 2008).

Bioaresol is a colloidal suspension, formed by liquid droplets and particles of solid matter in the air, whose components contain or have attached to them viruses, fungal spores and conidia, bacterial endospores, plant pollen and fragments of plant tissues (Karwowska, 2005). One kind of indoor air pollutant is airborne microorganisms which are bacteria and fungi (Jones, 1999). They are factors of potential infectious, allergenic and immunotoxic effects. Indoor microflora is reported to be responsible for health problems, especially among children (Di Giorgio et al., 1996).  Bioaerosols decrease air quality and affect human health, also causing some diseases such as tuberculosis, diphteria, legionellosis, fever, rhinitis, nausea and asthma (Maus et al., 2001).

Possible sources of biological contamination of indoor air include: people, organic dust, various materials stored in the buildings, and the air inflowing from the ventilation and air conditioning systems. Additionally, microorganisms may affect the general health of people who work on the premises or use library resources. The findings of epidemiological research indicate that exposure to high concentrations of microbes in the air frequently leads to allergies, asthma, hay fever pneumonia, and many other health side-effects, including infections (Rennet al., 2001). Biological factors such as fungal spores and mites are involved in sick building syndrome, a complex situation in which occupants experience a variety of symptoms and become generally unwell, recovering only when they cease to frequent the building (Ross et al., 2000).

In recent years, a dramatic increase in the number of allergic reactions to fungal spores has been observed. Young people, including students, constitute a large group of allergy sufferers; they experience the above-mentioned allergic symptoms throughout the year, but the symptoms intensify during spring and summer months (Karbowska-Berent et al., 2011).

Exposure to bio-aerosols, containing airborne microorganisms and their by-products, can result in respiratory disorders and other adverse health effects such as infections, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and toxic reactions (Gorny et al., 2002).

1.1       AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The Aim of this study is to assess the air quality of medical laboratories in Umuahia Abia, State.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1. To isolate pathogenic microorganisms associated with the air of medical laboratories in  Umuahia, Abia State.

2. To identify and characterize bacteria associated with the air of medical laboratories in Umuahia, Abia State.

3. To identify fungi associated with the air of medical laboratories in Umuahia, Abia State.

4. To determine the antibiotics sensitivity profile of bacteria isolated from air in  medical laboratories in Umuahia, Abia State.

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