ABSTRACT
This
study investigated the influence of International Organizations Programmes on
Community Development: A study of USAID in Calabar Cross River State, Nigeria.
Ikot Anantigha, Ekpo Abasi, Ikot Efio Ene Osera Edida Ikot Effanga Mkpa and
Ibom communities were selected from both Calabar Municipality and Calabar South
Local Government Area. To achieve this, simple random sampling and accidental
technique were used. Eighteen (18) items questionnaire was used by the
researcher, which was administered to 281 randomly selected respondents from
the population of six sampled communities. Three (3) hypotheses were formulated
to guide the study. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance
using the Chi-Square Test statistic. It was
found out that USAID fulfilled community development needs, had a significant
relationship with community developments projects such as healthcare delivery
services and does not have any significant relationship with micro enterprise
training. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made including that:
USAID should ensure that, their projects/activities are not politically
motivated; rather they should be based on the needs and problems of the
community. Also USAID should pay more attention to micro enterprise training/
loans and employment generation programmes.
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE 1
Figure 2.6.1 Organizational
structure of USAID in Calabar
LIST OF PLATES
PLATE 1: Plate 2.6.1 HIV/AIDS TEST by USAID Counsellor drawing blood for Test from community
member.
PLATE
2: Plate
2.6.2 HIV/AIDS public sensitization rally 08/26/2010 - organized by USAID at Marina, Calabar
PLATE
3: Plate 2.6.3 Advocacy visit by USAID official to
community leader in support of orphans and vulnerable children in Calabar,
southern Nigeria
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: Table 2.5.7.1 USAID/Nigeria QUARTERLY REPORT January
–
March
2006 Quarterly Progress Report
TABLE
2: Table 4.1.1
showing demographic data of respondents
TABLE 3: Table 4.2.1
showing respondent’s awareness on Community Development services of USAID
TABLE 4: Table
4.2.2 Chi-square analysis of the relationship between the activities of USAID and fulfilment of
community development needs in rural
communities
TABLE 5: Table 4.2.3 showing respondents participation in
micro enterprise training
TABLE 6: Table 4.2.4 Chi-square
analysis of relationship between USAID and micro enterprise training in rural
communities
TABLE 7: Table 4.2.5 showing
response by respondents on health services in Calabar
TABLE 8: Table 4.2.6 Chi-square analysis of the
relationship between the activities of USAID and health care services in rural
communities
ABBREVIATIONS
ADRA African and Freedom from hunger
ARD Association of Rural Development
CBOS Community Based Organization
CDAS Community Development Association
CDTF Community Development Trust Fund
ICT Information and Communication
Technology
COWAN Country Women Association
CUSO Canadian University Service
Organization
GDOs Grassroots Development Organization
IOs International Organizations
IITA Institute of Tropical Agriculture
IMF International Monetary Fund
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
NAPEP National Poverty Eradication Program
NDE National Directorate of Employment
NEEDS National Economic Empowerment Development
Strategy
OICI Opportunities Industrialization
Centre International
IPPF International Planned Parenthood
Federation
SPACE Sustainable Practices in Agriculture and
Critical Environment
UNDP United
Nation Development Project
USAID United
State Agency for International Development
USG
United States Government
WAP Women
Advancement Program
WFP World Food Program
WTO World
Trade Organization
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Title page
i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Abstract
v
List of figure
vi
List of plate’s
vii
Abbreviations
Table of contents
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Objective of the Study 5
1.4 Significance of the Study 6
1.5 Research Questions 6
1.6 Research Hypothesis 7
1.7 Scope of the Study 8
1.8 Conceptual Clarification 9
CHAPTER
TWO
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK AND LITERATUE REVIEW
2.1 Development and Underdevelopment 13
2.1.1 Financing Development 15
2.1.2 Foreign
Aid in Development 17
2.2 Comparative Definition of Community
Development 21
2.3 The Emergence of International
Organizations 24
2.3.1 Recent Trends in
International Organizations 26
2.4 The History of USAID 28
2.5 USAID Development Strategy in Nigeria 30
2.5.1 Improving Peace and Security 31
2.5.2 Strengthening Democracy
and Good Governance 33
2.5.3 Improving Economic Growth and
livelihood 35
2.5.4 Investing in Education 35
2.5.5 Improving Social Sector Service Delivery 35
2.5.6 Fighting HIV/AIDS and
the tuberculosis 36
2.5.7 USAID (JOBS) 37
2.5.8 Participatory Approach Adopted by USAID 40
2.5.9 NGOS as Collaborative
Agent 41
2.6 Programmes of USAID in Calabar 45
2.6.1 USAID Partners in Calabar 48
2.7 Theoretical Framework 52
2.7.1 Modernization Theory 52
2.7.2 Basic Needs Theory 58
2.7.3 State Theory of Development 62
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Study
Location 68
3.2 Research
Design 70
3.3 Study
Population 70
3.4 Sample
and Sampling Process 71
3.5
Method of Data
Collection 73
3.6
Research Instrument 73
3.7 Administration of Research Instrument 74
3.7.1 Validity of the Instrument 75
3.72. Reliability of the Instrument 76
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 76
CHAPTER
FOUR
RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Demographic Description of Respondents 77
4.2 Test of Hypotheses 78
4.4 Discussion of findings 86
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 88
5.2 Conclusion 91
5.3 Recommendation 92
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Development
agents or agencies of development receive very wide acceptability wherever they
are found because of the intrinsic near magical attraction development seems to
possess whether in advanced economics or in the back- woods of the rural
villages in Africa. The word development has a magnetism of its own that is
unquestionably acclaimed. Development is therefore a very desirable phenomenon
to mankind and is becoming by synonymous to peace, security and progress i.e.
the well-being of people in an undesired way.
Individuals,
communities, governments, non-governmental organizations, faith based
organizations, international organization etc. are championing the course of
human welfare by continually embarking upon one form of development programme
or the other in the bid to improve the condition of the life of the people in
cities and rural areas all over the world. These agents and agencies of
development embark upon projects either in health sector, agriculture, and good
drinking water supply, irrigation project, and skill acquisition, literacy
campaigns in the efforts to achieve the conditions or life that is good for the
beneficiaries.
Despite the
efforts of the state and federal governments towards developing the
communities, the development task left is still enormous. Consequently, this
has attracted the attention of United State Agency for International Development
(USAID), which works in collaboration with other development agents and
community development practitioners to fulfil some development functions. One
of the development practitioners for instance is Reverend Leon Howard Sullivan.
Reverend (Dr.) Leon Howard Sullivan founded Opportunities Industrialization Centres
International (OICI) in the early 1960s. He started a school to prepare his
African-American compatriots to handle many of the jobs that became available.
After series of agitations the effort yielded positive concessions (in the form
of employment) from merchants to minorities in the communities from which they
earned their profits. Opportunities Industrialization Centres spread across
different countries of the world, which Nigeria is one of them.
In Nigeria,
there are two Opportunities Industrialization Centres, situated at Kano and
Calabar. In Calabar, USAID tags their Project “OIC/JOBS”. The centre is located
at South-South Community Resource Centre, Ekpo Archibong Street, Old Parliamentary
Village, and Calabar. Cross River State. The Calabar office works with the
support of the Cross River State Government, which has generously donated space
for an office and training and employment centre to OICI.
USAID initiative
in Calabar places more emphasis on interventions in agriculture, value
addition/processing and eco-tourism to create jobs for the disadvantage and at
risk youths. Specialized interventions are organized in collaboration with
selected agents or partners at JOBS training centres in Calabar and outreach centres.
The intention of
the study is to gauze how unemployment, low-income and poor population groups
especially the youth are integrated into the economic growth process through
USAID, NGO activities and community efforts. The need to improve the well being
of man and his environment has been the basic reason behind community
development
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
High rate of
unemployment, economic backwardness, lack of medical facilities, poverty and
natural disaster in rural and urban areas, are currently some of the social
problems affecting the world.
Every year, a
large number of youths, mostly school leavers enter the labour market in search
of modern sector wage employment only to discover that there are limited
employment opportunities. Some of the youths are therefore forced by
circumstances to create their own employment as either subsistence farmers or
informal sector workers. Other engages in counterproductive activities such as
armed robbery, theft, and other sorts of violence.
Currently, statistics revealed that
young people are twice as likely to be unemployed as adults (USAID 2005).
National rates of unemployment for Nigeria suggest that youths between 15 to 35
years of age represented the largest demographic portion of the unemployed.
Poverty has also
been in high increase in Nigeria especially in rural communities. In Nigeria,
the federal office of statistic, indicated that by 1960 poverty covered about 5
percent of the population of the country and by 1980 it grew to 28 percent, the
extent of poverty in 1985 was about 46 percent, but dropped to 43 percent in
1996. In 1996 poverty incidence in Nigeria estimated to be 66 million in a
total population of about 120 million (Akpan 2006:4). According to CIA World
Fact book (2011) in 2000 45 percent lived below the poverty line which
increased to 70 percent by 2007.
The concern of
this study is to investigate the extent to which international organizations in
Nigeria are contributing to rural transformation: especially in the areas of
job opportunities, health services, micro enterprise training and the fulfilment
of community development needs.
1.3
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of the study is to
determine the influence of international organization programmes on community development
with particular reference to USAID assisted projects in Calabar, Cross River
state Nigeria.
Specifically the
study desires to:
1.
To investigate the
relationship between the activities of USAID and the fulfilment of community
development needs in rural communities in Calabar.
2.
To determine the
relationship between activities of USAID and micro enterprise training in rural
communities in Calabar.
3.
To examine USAID effect
on health care services in rural communities in Calabar.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study intends to diagnose and examine contributions made by the various
stakeholders as well as offers the government and community development
practioners, suggestion on how to attract and encourage other international
agencies and NGOs to actively engage in community development activities.
The
findings from this research will also contribute meaningfully to the
advancement of knowledge and add to existing literatures on USAID programmes, International
Organizations and Community Development in Nigeria.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In
the course of this research, certain pertinent questions have been asked which
paved way for the study and they are
1.
Is there any
relationship between the activities of USAID and the fulfilment of community
development needs in rural communities in Calabar?
2.
To what extent have
activities of USAID impacted on micro enterprise training in rural communities
in Calabar?
3.
What effect does USAID
presence have on health care services in rural communities in Calabar?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses were formulated and subsequently tested in the study:
HYPOTHESES ONE
Ho:
there is no significant relationship between the activities of USAID and the fulfilment
of community development needs in rural communities in Calabar.
Hi:
there is a significant relationship between the activities of USAID and the fulfilment
of community development needs in rural communities in Calabar.
HYPOTHESES TWO
Ho:
there is no significant relationship between the activities of USAID and micro
enterprises training in rural communities in Calabar.
Hi:
there is a significant relationship between the activities of USAID and micro
enterprises training in rural communities in Calabar.
HYPOTHESES THREE
Ho: there
is no significant relationship between the activities of USAID and provision of
health care services in rural communities in Calabar.
Hi:
there is a significant relationship between the activities of USAID and provision
of health care services in rural communities in Calabar.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
The scope of this study specifically limited
to six communities in Cross River State. These communities include: Ikot
Anantigha, Ekpo Abasi, Ikot Efio Ene, Osera Ediba, Ikot Effanga Mkpa and Ibom.
They were selected from Calabar. These communities were chosen because of the
cost implication of carrying out a study on the impact of international organizations
on community development that will cover the entire nation. The researcher
believes that, findings from the sample communities will allow for nationwide
generalization.
The
study examines the impact which the various USAID projects and facilities
established in the six communities have on the lives of the people especially
in the area of poverty reduction, employment creation, agricultural productivity,
health care, youth and women involvement in rural development projects.
1.8 CONCEPTUAL
CLARIFICATION
The
purposes of these definitions are to modify the real definition in this
research work in order to suit the specific research problem at hand. The intention
is to translate real definitions into empirical units, for which data might be
generated to test hypotheses and find solutions to our research problem
(Charles, 2005).
Activitist:
These are agitators or advocators who teach people about their right as well as
drawing the attention of government to the sufferings of people or neglected
communities.
Agent:
This refers to a persons or a representative(s) of a country or a group in a
particular community with the aim of bringing about social change.
Collaboration:
a combined effort between two or more non-governmental or international
organizations. It also means combined efforts between non-governmental
organizations or international organizations and government authorities in
carrying out community projects.
Community: This is an aggregation of families habitually
living together within a definite geographical location, more or less rooted in
the soil they occupy, living in a state of mutual interdependence, supporting
some basic social institution and having some measure of political autonomy
(Ekong, 1988).
Community Development: United
Nations in (Ering 2006), posits that: Community Development has come into
international usage to connote the processes by which the efforts of the people
themselves are united with those of governmental authorities to improve the
economic, social and cultural conditions of communities, to integrate these
communities into the life, and to enable them to contribute fully to national
progress.
Ering
(2006) further looked at community development as improvement and change taking
place in the community. This implies efforts to get villagers (members of the
community) to work voluntarily on project, which would improve their village or
community.
Community Needs:
Things desired by a group of people living in a particular geographical area.
It has to also do with the improvement of their environment and general well
being. These needs include; good environment, improved medical services, access
roads, good drinking water, food, employment opportunities, micro credit scheme
for small-medium scale business and so on.
Development:
Development implies progress and economic improvement. According to Todaro
(2005), Development is the process of improving the quality of all human lives.
(Social, political, cultural, economic, etc) and increasing people’s freedom of
choice in terms of consumer goods and services.
International
Organizations: In general international
organizations are based on multilateral treaties between at least two sovereign
nation-states. The formation of an initially fairly loose bond among the
participants is generally fortified by the development of more or less
stringent institutional structures and organs to pursue certain more or less
clearly defined common aims in the international arena.
Needs:
these are the community drives or goals to be accomplished through the
intervention of the development organizations or through self-help.
Non-Government
Organization: Carmen Malena (as in Ering,
2007), in his monograph on Poverty and Social work, defines NGOs as a private
organizations that engage in activities that relieve sufferings, preserve the
environment and provide basic social services by undertaking community
development programs.
OICI:
This means opportunities industrialization centres international. It is a
program sponsored by USAID to promote broad-based economic growth in Nigeria
through sustainable employment generation and micro enterprise development
services to disadvantaged, at risk youths.
Sustainability:
this is when a programme or a project is established for the present generation
without affecting the future.
USAID:
This means United State Agency for International Development. It is an
international non-governmental organization which has spread across different
countries of the world with the aim of engaging in social services that bring relieve to the suffering, empowerment
of the needed, provision of entrepreneur training, micro credit scheme and
community development programmes.
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