TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
PROBLEMS AND BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
- - - - - - 1
1.2 Problem of
the study - - - - - 3
1.3 Purpose of
the study - - - - - 4
1.4 Scope of
the study - - - - 4
1.5 Methodology
of research - - - - 5
1.6 Division of
the work - - - - 5
CHAPTER
TWO
WHAT IS PSYCHOANALYSIS? HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SIGMUND FREUD
2.1
Introduction - - - - - 6
2.2
Four major myths about psychoanalysis - 6
2.3
The meaning of psychoanalysis - - 8
2.4
The Historical background of Sigmund Freud - 11
CHAPTER THREE
FREUD’S
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
3.1
Introduction - - - - - - 16
3.2
The seduction theory - - - - - 19
3.3
The dream theory - - - - - - 23
3.4
The structure
of personality - - - 26
3.4.1
The Id - - - - - 26
3.4.2
The Ego - - - - - - 28
3.4.3
The Superego - - - - 30
3.5
Infantile
sexuality - - - - - 32
3.6
Childhood
sexuality - - - - - 34
3.7
Theory of
Libido - - - - 37
3.8
Stages of childhood development - - - 40
3.8.1
The oral stage - - - - 41
3.8.2
The Anal Stage - - - - 42
3.8.3
The Phallic Stage/ Oedipus Complex - - 44
3.8.4
The Genital/ Puberty Stage - - - 48
CHAPTER FOUR
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF SIGMUND FREUD’S
PSYCHOANALYTICAL VIEWS
4.1 A critical evaluation of Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical
views 50
4.2 The positive aspects of Freud’s
Psychoanalytical theore -51
4.3 The Negative criticisms on psychoanalytical
theory - 53
4.4 The need for sexual enlightenment of children - 57
4.5 Conclusion
- - - - - - 60
BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - - - 63
CHAPTER ONE
PROBLEM AND BACKGROUND
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the annals of history, sex has remained a mystery
to both man and the society at large. Its importance in human life is so
evident, yet no single human being has been able to give a conclusive
explanation of what sex is. No human experience has been able to demystify the
hidden meanings of this particular concept. Freud rightly asserts that, “the
misunderstanding of sexuality is no intellectual error, nor an accidental
ignorance”.
On the other hand, sex has exerted many impacts on
human life. These impacts of sex in the society can be seen in different human
experiences. If we have a detour to the sacred scripture, we can see some of
the negative impacts of sex in the human society. Some of these impacts can be
seen in the story of Samson and Delilah in the book of Judges 16:17.
Another is seen where sex has led to the ruining of
the interest of kingdoms as can be seen in the book of Kings Chapter 21 where
Jezebel influenced Ahab to give order to the killing of Naboth. Another
instance is seen in the story of Herod and Herodias, which led to the beheading
of John the Baptist. Matt 14:10.
On the other hand, there are many positive impacts of
sex as we can see in the story of Abraham and Sarah in the book of Genesis. A
positive aspect is also seen in the lives of many families in our contemporary
society. “The highest positive impact of
sex in the human society is its place in the continuance of the human race”.
When sex is integrated, it makes for maturity and good human relationship.
In spite of the positive aspects of sex in human life,
its place in our contemporary society has regrettably deteriorated. The reason
is not far fetched and can be seen in the misconception of the concept of sex.
Majority now see sex as a pleasure-giving thing and as a result, everyone is
free to indulge in it at any time he feels.
Furthermore, the indiscriminate use of sex has led to
the present day proliferation of diseases including the dreaded HIV, which is
capable of wiping off the entire universe if precaution is not taken. These
negative impacts of sex can also be seen in the anti-natural scientific
inventions of many countries ranging from abortion, cloning etc. It has also
led to some anti-cultural practices like gay marriage, marital unfaithfulness
and pre-marital sex. The different religious denominations of the world also
suffer these negative impacts as can be seen in the ordinations of gays as
clergymen in the Anglican Church.
As a result of the debasement which sex has
experienced in the contemporary society, I find it pertinent to advocate for a
reasoned thought among all. Just as Plato asserted that “The kind of knowledge
that helps one to distinguish between shadows, reflections, and real objects in
the visible world is just the kind of knowledge that man needs to discriminate
between the shadows and reflections of the genuinely good life,”. I
have set out to bring out a reasoned thought on how man can be able to
discriminate between the shadows and reflections of sex and what it genuinely
entails.
1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
Very deep is the well of the past …
For the deeper we sound, the further down into the lower world of the
past we probe and press, the more we find that the earliest foundations of
humanity, its history and culture reveal themselves unfathomable.- Thomas Mann
The place of sex and its influence on the formation of
the psyche of the adult through the developmental processes was what Sigmund
Freud (1853 – 1939) set forth to offer to the world in his psychoanalytic
theory. However, he did not do that without encountering some problems ranging
from over centralization of sex as what constitutes man’s maturity and entire
life to many other problems.
Freud’s lack of religious tenets made him justify many
anti-natural problems, which he should not have done. For instance, he regarded
sexual perversions like homosexuality, fetishism, sadism and masochism as
justified though they are abnormal.
1.3 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
This work is intended to be a proper itinerary into
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory in order to study his views, analyze them and
finally to make a proper criticism of these views. I also intend to sift out
the positive aspect of his theory and at the same time place it side by side
with the place of sex in our present day society. Lastly I intend at the end of
this study to present a dignified position of sex in the present day society.
1.4 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
This research work will be based on the psychoanalytic
theory propounded by Sigmund Freud. The views of other psychologists and some philosophers
will however be entertained but only as they affect Freud’s line of thought.
1.5 METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
The method is expository, analytic
and prescriptive. As this is a philosophical approach to Freud’s psychoanalytic
theory, arguments based on faith are carefully avoided.
1.6 THE DIVISION OF THE WORK
This work is divided into four
chapters. The first chapter is the general introduction into this scholarly
work. The second chapter goes to explain what psychoanalysis is. The third chapter
is an x-ray of Freud’s different theories on psychoanalysis. The fourth chapter
is a critical evaluation of Freud’s psychoanalysis and his thoughts on the
psychosexual enlightenment of the child.
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