ABSTRACT
The study critically observed Typhoid fever, caused by salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), is a disease transmitted by the faecal -oral route. It continues to be a public health problem in many developing countries in sub-saharan Africa. School -age children, especially those from resource -poor setting with inadequate water and sanitation systems, are disproportionately affected. It is estimated that a total of 400,000 cases occur annually in Africa, an incidence of 50 per 100,000 person per year. Lack of effective diagnosis often leads to inappropriate treatment and management of these infections. Additionally, the emergence and spread of S. Typhi strains having multiple resistance to nearly all commonly available drugs in most developing countries has been a major challenge to health care systems, reducing the effective treatment options for the disease, increasing treatment costs and increasing the risk of complications and death. Although not much data from sub-Saharan Africa has been published, it seems clear that typhoid is common in Nigeria, Mali, Ethiopia and Kenya. Given the importance of information on disease incidence for targeting control measures, including improved sanitation and water supply, vaccination and assessing impact, priority should be given to strengthening surveillance system for typhoid fever.
Table of contents
Title
page.................................................................................................
i
Declaration..................................................................................................
ii
Certification................................................................................................iii
Approval
page.............................................................................................iv
Dedication...................................................................................................
V
Acknowledgment........................................................................................vi
Table
of
contents......................................................................................
Vii
Abstract......................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction..........................................................................................
1
1.1 Historical Background to the
study.....................................................2
1.2 Statement of the
problems...................................................................3
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the
study..........................................................4
1.3.1 Aim.........................................................................................................4
1.3.2 Objectives
............................................................................................
4
1.4 Scope and
delimitations of the study................................................
4
1.5 Significance of the
study.......................................................................5
1.6 Research
questions................................................................................5
1.7 Statement of
hypothesis.....................................................................
5
1.8 Definition of
terms...............................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review................................................................................
8
2.1
Aetiology...............................................................................................8
2.1.1
H- Antigens..........................................................................................
8
2.1.2 O-
Antigens..........................................................................................8
2.1.3
V-Antigens...........................................................................................
9
2.2
Epidemiology...........................................................................................9
2.3 Clinical
features.......................................................................................10
2.3.1 Sources of infection..............................................................................
10
2.3.2
Complications........................................................................................
10
2.4.
Investigation..........................................................................................
12
2.4.1
Treatment...............................................................................................
12
2.4.2
Prevention..............................................................................................13
2.5 Scientific
investigation.........................................................................13
2.6 Sign and symptoms of typhoid
fever...................................................14
2.7 Current cases of typhoid fever in united
state................................... 14
2.7.1 Causative
agent......................................................................................15
2.7.2
Symptoms..............................................................................................15
2.7.3
Pathogenesis.........................................................................................15
2.7.4
Epidemiology.........................................................................................15
2.7.5 Prevention and
Treatment.............................................................16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials is and
method.......................................................................17
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................
17
3.2. Materials for data
collection............................................................. 17
3.3 Research
design................................................................................
17
3.4 Sampling size of the
study...............................................................17
3.5 Sampling
Technique........................................................................
18
3.6 Procedure for data collection........................................................
18
3.7 Procedure for data
Analysis...........................................................18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and
analysis.......................................................19
4.1
Introduction......................................................................................
19
4.2 Data
Analysis.................................................................................
19
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendations.............................. 29
5.1
Summary............................................................................................29
5.2
Conclusion.........................................................................................29
5.3
Recommendations.............................................................................30
References........................................................................................31
Appendix...........................................................................................32
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The
water borne disease are major causes of illness and death in major causes of
illness and death in many tropical and subtropical countries.
In
Africa, especially tropical countries like Nigeria, the problems of food and
water borne diseases have created concern is
the mind of every individual family, children are the ones who suffer
most from the diseases due to negative attitude shown by their parents as a
result of poor environmental sanitation.
In
many families, money budgeted for up-keeping of families were spent on medical
expenses instead. And there are no alternative plants to provide for the basic
essential needs, and so the patients maybe at the bottom to test this
bitterness.
The
hall mark of the diseases circumcision s as a result of (2) major factors therefore:
1.
Genetic factors
2.
Environmental factors
Generally the
human Environment consists of physical, chemical, social and biological hazard
which affected the health of living things.
The
biological hazard in environment are the micro living organisms which are major
causes of diseases e.g virus, protozoa, bacteria, etc. Some are plant while
some are animal class. Bacteria is a microorganisms that enter into the body
through gastrointestinal track and capable of causing infection.
Bacteria
cause many diseases including typhoid fever which is very serious diseases. The
typhoid fever is caused by the member of the salmonella group.
Slamonella
typhoid and salmonella para typhoid A, B, C are one of the most common causes
of high body temperature (pyrexia) of unknown origin. In medical geography,
typhoid disease has a worldwide distribution, although they are endemic only in
areas where the standard environmental and personal hygiene are very poor.
Typhoid
fever has another name called:
Enteric
fever:
it is a disease occurring from bacteria intercourse in to the body through
gastro intestinal tract, the bacilli localized mainly in the lymphoid tissue of
small intestine and enter the blood stream from the bowel then cause fever,
septicemia, headache, general malaise and drowsiness. The bacilli settle mainly
in the small intestine where they cause inflammation and ultimately ulcer
occurs. Bacteria may also invade the gall bladder and ever the borne heart may
be affected by bacterial toxins.
1.1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DUTSE GENERAL HOSPITAL
The
hospital was established in 1972 as DUTSE comprehensive health center (CHC) by
Kano state. The CHC was on 8th August, 1985 converted to DUTSE general hospital
and commission by the military government of Kano state, Air commander Hamza
Abdullahi FSS, PSC.
Dutse
General Hospital is located in Dutse metropolitan’s No. 1 along Kiyawa Road
Dutse it covers areas of 500M x️ 800M and
currently a 200 bed capacity secondary health facility serving as a referred
center for all PHCs in Dutse and Kiyawa local Government areas. It also
provides for other neighboring settlement in Kano and Bauchi state : thus the
hospital centers for health can access of 58,581 total catchments of 2.343
under 1 year children, 11,7716 children less than 5 years 2929 pregnant
women 12,888 women of child bearing age.
Human
resource for health ( HRH of general hospital is made of 71 nurses, 24JCHEW, 17
CHEW, 9 CA, 12 Midwives, 5 health information technicians, 4 health information
officers, 6 pharmacists, 10 pharmacy
technicians, 2 radiologists, 4x-
ray technicians, 3 environmental officers,15 doctors, 103 health attendance and 116 casual staff
including NYSC, (Dutse General Hospital, 2020)
1.1.1
.
MISSION OF DUTSE GENERAL HOSPITAL
The
general hospital caters for everyone in her capacity. The mission of the
hospital is to ensure the provision of safe, quality, affordable, adequate,
equitable and accessible health services to all people in Nigeria.
1.1.2
DEPARTMENT /UNITS IN GENERAL HOSPITAL DUTSE
1.
Accident and emergency
2.
General / Male outpatient department
3.
Injection room
4.
Dental room
5.
Surgery room
6.
Medical laboratory
7.
Pharmacy
8.
Radiology department
9.
Environmental unit
10.
Kitchen department
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There
is an indication that any community where there is no standard sanitation,
personal and environmental hygiene is very poor, water supply is contaminated
by human excreta, the communities are at risk of many ill - health conditions.
The
endemic of typhoid disease in GOPD in
Dutse general hospital Jigawa
state cannot be over emphasized and its problem in the society have created
despair in the minds of the population whether it can be put in to control.
Research
shows that people are not yet adequately informed on how to avoid reinfection
of the causative organism after recovering from first attack. The sanitary
disposal of human excreta has not yet been practiced discriminatory. Food
handler and for vendors are not inspected routinely. Vegetables and fruits are
no longer examined and scrutinized to detect the type of manure used.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 Aim
1.
To find out the typhoid fever among patient reporting in GOPD Dutse general hospital.
1.3.2 objectives
1.
To identify the possible causes of typhoid fever disease in the study area
2. To identify the possible solution of typhoid
fever in the study area
3. To identify the preventive measures of
typhoid fever Of patient in the study area.
1.4 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This
research study as incidence of typhoid diseases among patients in GOPD in
DUTSE general hospital Jigawa state.
It is restricted to Dutse alone, because DUTSE local government cannot be concerned within
the short time given for the assignment. Furthermore, this research work
requires high financial commitment and so a student in situation of Nigeria
today, who cannot survive problem of one
form or the other especially finance cannot be possible to cover the expense.
This limit the study within its area of jurisdiction and for the financial
instability.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
research will be useful to the government, non- governmental organization (N.
G. Os), community, students and this
research is also useful for further studies.
This
research is a step forward to day journey therefore anybody who want to
undertake a similar research should try to find more on the incidence of
typhoid fever among patients reporting GOPD in DUTSE General hospital Jigawa
state.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Why do people of Dutse town having typhoid
fever diseases?
2. Why do people of Dutse local government
area drink pure water?
3. What are the possible prevention measure of
typhoid fever?
1.7 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Why the people of Dutse community did
neglected environmental sanitation?
2. Why
the people of Dutse did neglected Environmental sanitation?
1.8 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
1. Incidence : Occurrence of
new cases of a disease at a specified period in a population.
2. Endemic : A constant distribution of
diseases in a population.
3. Epidemic : Diseases affecting many people
at the same time or occurrences of diseases beyond normal expectation at a
particular point in time.
4. Septicemia : wide spread destruction of
tissues due to absorption of nutrients by bacteria or their toxins from blood
stream.
5. Incubation period : Is the time
between entering of an infection to the body then to the manifestation of sign
and symptom. The time interval between first entering of micro organism to the
appearance of symptom and sign.
6. Carrier: Is a person who harbor an
infection agent without showing the sign and symptoms and capable to spread to
another person.
7. Immunity : Ability of the body to resist
an infection.
8. Immunization : The process of
introducing a specific antigen in to the body in order to produce antibodies
against the disease.
9. H2o: This involved of hydrogen and one of
an oxygen that is colorless, tasteless,
and odorless fluid that is fit for human consumption.
10: Diseases : Is any deviation from or
interruption of the normal structure and malfunctions of any part of the body.
11. Water Borne Diseases : Is diseases
that is causes by drinking contaminated water or food.
12. Food Borne Diseases : Is diseases
that is causes by eating contaminated
food or water.
13. Bowl: The large intestine.
14. Community : Is a group of people living
together in a specific geographical
boundary.
15: At Risk: The people who are more prompt
to infection.
16: Pyrexia: High body temperature 40c
(fever).
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