Tuberculosis (TB),though a curable infectious disease, remains one of the leading causes of death in adults. It is also a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Tuberculosis among patient attending Dutse General Hospital, Jigawa State. A retrospective study was carried out consisting of all documented Register of Tuberculosis from January 2020 to December 2022. Out of 7605 patients tested a total of 967 cases of Tuberculosis was recorded, which represented 12.7%.The highest prevalence was recorded in 2021(39.5%), followed by 2022(33.6%) and least was in 2020(26.9%).The highest prevalence of Tuberculosis among age groups was 21 - 40 years ( 53.1%),followed by 0 - 20(19.5%) ,41 - 60(17.9%) ,61 - 80(7.0%) and 81 - 100(2.5%).The highest prevalence among gender were males of 64.3% and 35.7% in females.Prevalence of Tuberculosis under the study is traumatizing and thus requires prompt measures in combating the situation.Prevalence, Pulmonary, Tuberculosis, Prevention.
Table of Contents
CERTIFICATION.. i
DECLARATION.. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. iv
ABSTRACT. vii
CHAPTER ONE. 1
1.0 Introduction. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM... 3
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
RESEARCH.. 3
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS. 4
1.5 DEFINITION OF
TERMS/ABBREVIATION.. 4
CHAPTER TWO.. 5
LITRATURE REVIEW... 5
2.0 TUBERCULOSIS. 5
2.1 EPIDIMIOLOGY OF
TUBERCULOSIS. 5
2.2 CAUSES OF
TUBERCULOSIS. 6
2.3 SIGN AND SYMPTOMS. 6
2.4 INCUBATION PERIOD.. 7
2.5 SOURCE OF
TRANSMISSION.. 7
2.6 DIAGNOSIS. 7
2.7 TREATMENT. 8
2.8 PREVENTION AND
CONTROL. 8
CHAPTER TREE. 11
3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD.. 11
3.1 INTRODUCTION.. 11
3.2 STUDY AREA.. 11
3.3 POPULATION OF THE
STUDY. 11
3.4 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.. 12
3.5 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES. 12
3.6 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. 12
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 INTRODUCTION.. 13
CHAPTER FIVE. 17
5.0 INTRODUCTION.. 17
5.1 SUMMARY. 17
5.2 CONCLUSION.. 18
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS. 18
REFERENCE. 20
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTB) complex which commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB [PTB]),but can
affect others site as well (extra-pulmonary TB [EPTB]).(Thumamiet al..2012). Most infections show no symptoms, in which
case it is known as latent tuberculosis.(WHO, 2020). Around 10% of latent
infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half
of those affected. (WHO, 2020). The classic symptoms of activeTB are a chronic
cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats and weight loss(WHO,
2019).
The Symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with
blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss (WHO, 2019). The
historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss.
Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms (CDC, 2011).
Pulmonary Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB
in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not
spread the disease (CDC, 2011). Active infection occurs more often in people
with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke and about 251 000 people died of
HIV-associated TB (WHO, 2020).
Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as
well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. (Konstantinors
2010) Diagnosis ofLatent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood
tests.(Konstantinors 2010)Prevention of TB involves screening those at high
risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus
Calmette-Guérin(BCG) vaccine.( Hawnet al.
2014),( WHO 2008),(Harris 2013). Those at high risk include household,
workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB.(WHO 2008) Treatment
requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time.(WHO 2020)
Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem, with increasing rates of multiple
drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).(WHO 2020).
In 2018, one quarter of the world's population was
thought to have a latent infection of TB.(WHO 2018).New infections occur in
about 1% of the population each year.(WHO 2013)In 2020, an estimated 10 million
people developed active TB, resulting in 1.5 million deaths, making it the
second leading cause of death from an infectious disease after COVID-19. (WHO
2013)As of 2018, most TB cases occurred in the regions of South-East Asia
(44%), Africa (24%), and the Western Pacific (18%), with more than 50% of cases
being diagnosed in seven countries: India (27%), China (9%), Indonesia (8%),
the Philippines (6%), Pakistan (6%), Nigeria (4%), and Bangladesh (4%).(WHO
2013) By 2021, the number of new cases each year was decreasing by around 2%
annually.(WHO 2020)About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test
positive, while 5–10% of people in the United States test positive via the
tuberculin test.(Kumar and Robbins 2007).Tuberculosis has been present in
humans since ancient times.
According to World Health Organization (WHO) TB is
one of the top 10 causes of Death Worldwide, and it is estimated that around
10million people fell I'll with the disease in 2019.
Tuberculosis caused an estimated 1.5million death
among HIV-negative people and there were an additional 300,000 death from TB
(range, 266000-33500) among HIV -positive people. Globally, the best estimate
is that 10.0 million people (range 9.0-11.1million), developed TB disease
including 5.8 million men,3.2 million women and 1.0 children. There were cases
in all countries and age groups, but overall, 90% were adults (aged ≥15 years),
9 % were people living with HIV (WHO, 2019).
Nigeria is classified among the 14 high burden
countries for TB/HIV and MDR-TB. In its incidence rating of all forms of TB, it
was 219/100,000 population (WHO, 2018). A total of 432 Nigerians dies daily
from TB with estimated 115,000 dying each year with its case detection rate of
24% and an estimated 500,000 new cases with only 104,904 cases notified to the
NTBLCP (WHO, 2018).
Therefore,this study was carried out to determined
the prevalence of Tuberculosis among patients attending Dutse General Hospital
1.1
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM
The aim of this research is to determined the
prevalence of Tuberculosis among patients attending Dutse General Hospital.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence of the infection rate
among both different age groups.
To determine the
prevalence of the infection among both gender.
To determine the prevalence of the level of
occurrence between 2020 to 2022 years.
1.2 STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease
affecting lung and other part of the body leading to many complications to the
body part/organs e.g. respiratory and renal disease.Tuberculosis was choosing
as a research topic because presently it is one of the conditions found in the
society. The prevalence of Tuberculosis is also common in the society with
socia- economic status,thus there is need to look into the prevalence of
Tuberculosis within Dutse general Hospital and determine weighed there is
increase or decrease of the infection rate.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE RESEARCH
1. Is
to find the way out in reducing the incidence among
people.
2. To ensure proper care of the patient.
3. To serve as guideline for further research
4. To improve the knowledge of the people pertain the prevention and
control measures of the diseases.
1.4 SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
As a result of time factor, the scope of this
research narrowed down to fit with the time limit, for this reason, this
research was limited among documented
register of TB result among patient
attending Dutse general
1.5 DEFINITION
OF TERMS/ABBREVIATION
TB: Tuberculosis
MTB:Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULOSIS: Is a bacterium responsible for causing
Tuberculosis
WHO: World Health Organization
HIV; Human Immunodeficiency Virus
PTB: Pulmonary Tuberculosis
CDC: Center for the disease control and infections
INFECTIOUS DROPLETS NUCLEI: are microscopic
particles which are estimated 1.5 microbes in diameter and are reproduce when a
person cough,sneeze,or shout.
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