TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF
THE STUD
1.2 STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF
THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
1.6 SCOPE OF THE
STUDY
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF
THE STUDY
1.8 DEFINITIONS OF
TERMS
CHAPTER
TWO
REVIEW
OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAME
WORK
2.3 THEORETICAL
FRAME WORK
2.3.1 CAUSE OF
WORK STRESS
2.3.2 TYPES OF
STRESS
2.3.3 STRESS
AND PRODUCTIVITY
2.3.4 STRESS
MANAGEMENT
2.3.5 PRACTICAL
STRESS MANAGEMENT
2.3.5 THE
GLASS OF WATER (G.O.W) THEORY
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 RESEARCH
DESIGN
3.3 RESEARCH
POPULATION
3.4 SAMPLE
SIZE AND ITS DETERMINATION
3.5 SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE
3.6 SOURCES
OF DATA
3.7 DATA
COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
3.8 VALIDITY
OF THE INSTRUMENT
3.9 RELIABILITY
OF THE INSTRUMENT
3.10 TEST OF
RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT.
3.11 DATA
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
3.12 LIMITATIONS
OF METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER
FOUR
DATA
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 DISCUSSION
OF FINDINGS
4.1.1 RESEARCH
QUESTION ONE
4.1.2 RESEARCH
QUESTION TWO
4.1.3 RESEARCH
QUESTION THREE
4.1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION ONE
4.1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTION ONE
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY OF
FINDINGS
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCE
APPENDIX:
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It has been acknowledged that job
stress plays a role in employee performance. This nation has its root in what
is called attention theory. Simply put attention theory asserts that the
experience of stress has the effect of reducing on individual ability to
concentrate on multiple tasks. Anyone who has worked feverishly to meet a
deadline understands this relationship intimately. It has been “standard fare”
in basic management training to point out that there exist some optimal level
of stress below which employees are unmotivated and above which they are over
whelmed. Unfortunately managers who attempt to find an optimal stress level for
their work group frequently find their effort inconsistent result or downright
negative results.
Stress is a universal element and
persons from nearly every work of life have to face stress. The universality of
stress is such that it is experienced by employees all round the globe and has
become a major problem facing employers, particularly in developing nation
where the employers do not realize the impacts of stress on employee
productivity.
The work place stress is indeed a
costly epidemic, Rebecca Maxan in her article published by FDU magazines in
1999 noted that three out of every four American workers described their work
as stressful and the problem is not limited to those shores, in fact
occupational stress has been defined as a “global epidemic” by the united
nations international labor organization.
Stress is a factor in every one’s
life. Particularly during major events such as marriage divorced or buying a
home. But according to the Holmes-Rachs life event scale, which rates the level
of stress caused by such event, many of the most stressful events are related
to the work place firing business re adjustments, change in financial status
line of work, trouble with the boss,
varieties in work hours or conditions retirement and vacations.
Surprisingly, stress is not always a
bad thing. It can stimulate creativity and productivity. According to Robert
Osterman, professor of psychology at FDUS Tecnneck-Hackensack campus, “No one
reaches peak performance without being stressed whether an athlete, an office
worker or a manager” the natural pattern of human behavior is to experience a
stress-causing tension and then return to a normal realized state. The problem
occurs when stress is so over whelming or constant that this pattern is broken
and that is to say that stress leads to old age. An internationally applicable
measure of occupation stress develop by Osterman, named SWS for Situation (s)
work (w) and self (s), encompasses all three dimension because Osterman says
survey that only look at work factors are not giving the full picture” for
factory workers, stress such as dealing
with dangerous heavy equipment or working in an uncomfortable environment in
contrast office workers are more likely to experience stress that is related to
interpersonal relationship on job “people pressures” such as under supervision,
tension among team members and fear aversion of conflict can cause stress “for
many people, the core of their social life is the people with whom they work
with” explains Ostermam” but work is not a socio situation to good relationship
such as rumors and power play among executive who are comparing for the next promotion”.
Occupational stress is not related
only to what goes on at work conflicts between the demands of the work place
and of home life are increasingly common. According to a survey completed for
the US department of labor, ten percent (10%) of people who are married or
living with children less than 18 years experience several work-family
conflicts and an additional twenty five percent (25%) report moderate levels of
conflict. Definitely, every problem has a corresponding solution, hence some
techniques can be implemented to prevent or reduce excessive stress. These
techniques and their implementation constitute the process involved in stress
managements.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There has been increasing amount of
talk about “employees stress” over the decades. Despite the availability of
other companies within the environment of Afikpo North Local Government Area,
the employees or the workers experiences allot of stress on workers’
productivity in an organization or firm. This research is aimed at
understanding and bringing out an encompassing view of stress and its
relationship with employees performance (productivity). The researcher thus
will give an over view of work stress, productivity and their
inter-relationship in an organization. Hence, the effects of stress on workers’
productivity. Lawal (2006:10) this is the type that leads to anxiety
depression, frustration, fatigue and low self-esteem.
Behavioral effects: This is the type
that leads to accident proneness, substance abuse impaired speech, restlessness
and forgetfulness. Cognitive effect: this is the type of stress effects that
affects our through process lead to difficulty or fear of meaning discussion forgetfulness hypersensitivity
mental blocks and difficult concentrating and thinking clearly and this may be
intensified by substance abuse.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study is aimed at indept analysis
of the work place stress. Hence, understanding its effects on productivity.
Therefore
the objective of the study include:
1.
To have in dept understanding about work stress
2.
To know the various types of stress
3.
To evaluate the negative effects of stress on
workers
4.
To evaluate the positive effects of stress on
workers
5.
To understand how stress effects productivity
6.
To understand the various strategies and method of
effective stress management.
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTION
The questions that will asked in this
research to enable collection of the required data for the study will include:
1.
Is stress a necessary condition for the attainment
of optimum productivity?
2.
Does stress encourage productivity in
organization?
3.
Does high stress beget high productivity or
otherwise?
4.
Does low stress beget low productivity or
otherwise?
5.
Does mild stress have a negative effect on
workers’ productivity?
6.
Does mild stress have positive effect on workers’
productivity?
1.5
SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY
1.
This study will be of great use to students who
want to know about the topic.
2.
It will also serve as a reference material for
future study
3.
This study will enlighten managers in all field of
work and employees all round the globe to add knowledge on this that is studied
4.
It will widen the horizon and increase the level
of understanding on the effects of stress in the area of study,
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The researcher narrowed down the study
to a particular organization, Edwin and
Emmanuel table water Afikpo North Local Government Area of Ebonyi State.
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Definitely the study is not without
limitations, the limitations includes the following
1.
TIME: among all, time is the highest possible
limitation to the study. The time available for the study was limited the
horizon to which the researcher may wish to expend the study. He will confine
all his activities within the given time available for the research.
2.
FINANCE: the fact that the researcher is still a
student who has no external financial assistance; he was faced with financial
challenge. The researcher is still a
student and has no external financial support from any institution, this limit
the extent he may wish to carry the research as he will not exceed his
financial capabilities.
3.
QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION: in the cause of
administering the questionnaire, the researcher was not be given adequate
attention. This posed a challenge to the efficacy of the study.
4.
LEVEL OF LITERACY OF RESPONDENTS: in the area of
study, majority of the employees are just SSCE holders, this posed some
limitations to the researcher as it limited the questions to the level they can
possibly answer.
1.8 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
1.
STRESS: a physiological and emotional response to
stimulate that which places physical or psychological demands on an individual.
2.
STRESS MANAGEMENT: this refers to the wide
spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person’s
level of stress, especially chronic stress for the purpose of improving
functionally on daily basis.
3.
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES: these are special methods
and procedure professionally designed for application to managerial problems by
manager in their managerial functions and duties.
4.
PERFORMANCE: this refers to individuals output at
a work place.
5.
PRODUCTIVITY: this refers to an organization
output calculates thus total production per total input calculated thus: total
production per total input (man, materials, money and machines).
6.
EMPLOYEE: individual employed to work in an
organization or any given business establishment.
7.
PSYCHOTHERAPIES: these are techniques or procedure
that is used as palliatives to any mental emotional or behavioral disorder like
those caused by stress.
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