Table
of Content
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
1.3
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
1.4
AIM
1.5
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.
TRADITIONAL USES O. gratissimum
2.2.
ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINAL
2.3
OCIMUM SPECIES
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0
Materials and Methods
3.1
MATERIALS
3.2
METHODOLOGY
3.2.1
Preparation of the Extract
3.2.2
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
3.2.3
Test for Alkaloids
3.2.4
Test for Flavonoids
3.2.5
Test for Anthraquinones
3.2.6
Test for Saponins
3.2.7
Test for Steroids and Triterpenes
3.2.8
Salkowski test:
3.2.9
Test for Tannins
3.2.10
Test for Carbohydrates
3.2
Test for Phenols
3.2.1
Test for Glycosides
3.2.2
Thin-layer Chromatographic Studies (TLC)
3.2.3
UV spectroscopic analysis
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1
SUMMARY
5.2.
RECOMMENDATION
5.3
CONCLUSION
References
ABSTRACTS
The
Phytochemical analysis, thin-layer chromatographic study and U.V analysis of
Ocimum gratissimum was carried out. Ocimum gratissimum is a variable, polymorphic species with many forms. It has
at times been treated as a number of distinct species, in particular Ocimum
suave Willd., and Ocimum viride Willd., have been recognized
as distinct in many treatments. However, it is difficult to define clear
differences between these three species because variations between them form a
continuum merging from one to another. All three are treated here as part of
the one complex species Ocimum gratissimum. The plant was collected from
Jigawa state polytechnic, Dutse, the sample was extracted from methanol, hexane
and chloroform for both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis.
The analysis shows the presence of all the phytochemicals in all the three
solvents
Alkaloid, Saponin, carbohydrate, tannin, glycoside, flavonoid, anthraquinones, phenols
steroids and triterpenes were found to be present in all the three
solvents. however, anthraquinones and
steroids were absent in methanol extract while carbohydrates and steroids were
absent in hexane extract. carbohydrates, steroids and terpenes were also found to be absent in
the chloroform extract excepts steroids and
carbohydrate which are absent in all the solvent and anthraquinones which is
found to be absent in methanol extract.
The thin layer chromatographic analysis reveals the presence of only one
pale green spot in hexane, two green and yellow spots in Hexane and two green
and pink spots in chloroform extracts. The result of the U.V spectroscopy of Occinum
gratissinum at various wavelength was carried out, 400nm was studied to be
the highest peak with higher activity.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Organic chemistry is an art executed
science. The art of synthesis and isolation of natural products and bioactive
compounds makes it one of the most interesting and finest areas of modern
chemistry. The key role played by plant-based systems in the healthcare of
different cultures has been extensively documented, and the World Health
Organization (WHO) has estimated that approximately 65-80% of the world’s
population relies mainly on plant-derived traditional medicines for their
primary health care. Most of these natural products are secondary plant
metabolites. Keeping this in view, we felt an urge to synthesize some natural
products and test their bioactivity and also planned for the isolation of some
bioactive natural compounds. Natural products have played a key role in health
care and prevention of diseases for the past thousands of years. Several
ancient civilizations, such as Indians, Chinese, and North Africans have
provided written evidence for the use of natural sources for curing various
ailments. The importance of natural products as anticancer agents can be seen
between the years 1981- 2006, where about a hundred anticancer agents have been
developed, of which, nine were pure natural products, eleven were derived from
a natural product pharmacophore, eighteen were natural product mimics, and twenty-five
were natural product derivatives. Thus, making the natural sources as
significant contributors to the health care system. Ocimum gratissimum
locally called as Nimma tulasi is widespread in India and South Africa and also
grows across tropical regions of the globe. It is a traditional herb with a
wide array of phytochemical constituents and has been reported for its diverse
physiological properties. Earlier reports showed that O. gratissimum
possess a wide range of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols and
volatile compounds like eugenol, thymol, and geraniol Its medicinal uses
include vasorelaxation, anti-inflammatory, anti myco toxigenic and antioxidant
activities. Plants show enormous versatility in synthesizing complex materials
which have no immediate obvious growth or metabolic functions. These complex
materials are referred to as secondary metabolites. Plants secondary
metabolites have recently been referred to as phytochemicals (Farath.,2014).
Phytochemicals are naturally occurring and biologically active plant compounds
that have potential disease inhibiting capabilities. It is believed that
phytochemicals may be effective in combating or preventing disease due to their
antioxidant effect. Antioxidants protect other molecules (in vivo) from
oxidation when they are exposed to free radicals and reactive oxygen species
which have been implicated in the aetiology of many diseases and in food
deterioration and spoilage. Medicinal plants have been used for centuries
before the advent of orthodox medicine. Leaves, flowers, stems, roots, seeds,
fruit, and bark can all be constituents of herbal medicines. The medicinal
values of these plants lie in their component phytochemicals, which produce definite
physiological actions on the human body. The most important of these
phytochemicals are alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds Ocimum
gratissimum Linn (Labiatae) is grown for the essential oils in its leaves
and stems. Eugenol, thymol, citral, geraniol and linalool have been extracted
from the oil. Essential oils from the plant have been reported to possess an
interesting spectrum of antifungal properties. The antinociceptive property of
the essential oil of the plant has been reported. The whole plant and the
essential oil are used in traditional medicine especially in Africa and India.
The essential oil is also an important insect repellent (Afolabi ., et
al. 2010.) O. gratissimum is germicidal and has found wide use in
toothpastes and mouth washes as well as some topical ointments. It is used as
an excellent gargle for sore throats and tonsillitis. It is also used as an
expectorant and a cough suppressant. The plant extract is used against
gastrointestinal helminths of animals and man. In addition, O. gratissimum
carminative properties make it a good choice for upset stomach. It is used as
an emetic and for hemorrhoids. The plant is also used for the treatment of
rheumatism, paralysis, epilepsy, high fever, diarrhoea, sunstroke, influenza,
gonorrhoea and mental illness. In addition, the plant is used as a spice and
condiment in the southern part of Nigeria. The plant is found throughout the tropics
and subtropics and its greatest variability occurs in tropical Africa and
India. In South East Asia, it is cultivated as a home garden crop but it is
grown on a commercial scale in Vietnam. It is used for a variety of reasons. In
culinary, it is used in salads, soups, pastas, vinegars and jellies in many
parts of the world. The Thai people are popularly known to use it in food
flavouring. In traditional medicine, the leaves have been used as a general
tonic and anti-diarrhea agent and for the treatment of conjunctivitis by
instilling directly into the eyes; the leaf oil when mixed with alcohol is
applied as a lotion for skin infections
and taken internally for bronchitis. The dried leaves are snuffed to alleviate
headaches and fever among other uses. Although, conventional antibiotics have
been very useful in orthodox medicine, it has been argued by many that its
concomitant use with herbal extracts is not desirable as one normally
antagonizes the activity of the other. Considering the fact that Ocimum
gratissimum is used in most local dishes/foods to achieve a variety of
purposes, there is need to ascertain if its extract antagonizes or acts as a
synergy when used together with conventional antibiotics. In addition, despite
the fact that the various extracts of O. gratissum have been
tested in vitro and shown to be active against some bacterial
and fungal isolates, specific strain differences supposes that a lot more
strains of bacteria and fungi across other regions be tested to ascertain
their in vitro activity against this spice and this was one of
the motivations for our study. This study thus investigated the antibacterial
and antifungal properties of O. gratissimum ethanolic leaf
extract and its interaction with some disc antibiotics.
The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Ocimium
gratisimum L. (Lamiaceae), used in traditional medicine for the
treatment of several ailments such as urinary tract, wound, skin and
gastrointestinal infections, was evaluated for its antibacterial properties
against four clinical bacteria isolates namely: Escherichia coli,
Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the antifungal
properties using a clinical isolate of Candida albicans. A typed
bacterium of Escherichia coli ATCC 11775 and another typed
fungal strain of Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) were also
included. The study also intended to verify if the concomitant administration
of conventional antibiotics with Ocimium gratisimum which is
normally taken as food (spice) will negatively affect its activity.
Organic
chemistry is an art executed science. The art of synthesis and isolation of
natural products and bioactive compounds makes it one of the most interesting
and finest areas of modern chemistry.
The key role played by plant-based systems in the
healthcare of different cultures has been extensively documented, and the World
Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that approximately 65-80% of the
world’s population relies mainly on plant-derived traditional medicines for
their primary health care.
Most of these natural products are secondary plant
metabolites. Keeping this in view, we felt an urge to synthesize some natural
products and test their bioactivity and also planned for the isolation of some
bioactive natural compounds.
Natural products have played a key role in health care
and prevention of diseases for the past thousands of years. Several ancient
civilizations, such as Indians, Chinese, and North Africans have provided
written evidence for the use of natural sources for curing various ailments.
The importance of natural products as anticancer
agents can be seen between the years 1981-2006, where about a hundred anticancer
agents have been developed, of which, nine were pure natural products, eleven
were derived from a natural product pharmacophore, eighteen were natural
product mimics, and twenty five were natural product derivatives.
Thus making the natural sources as significant
contributors to the health care system.
Ocimum gratissimum locally called as Nimma tulasi is
widespread in India and South Africa and also grows across tropical regions of
the globe. It is a traditional herb with a wide array of phytochemical
constituents and has been reported for its diverse physiological properties.
Earlier reports showed that O. gratissimum possess a wide range of
phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols and volatile compounds like
eugenol, thymol, and geraniol Its medicinal uses include vasorelaxation,
anti-inflammatory, anti mycotoxigenic and antioxidant activities.
Plants show enormous versatility in synthesizing
complex materials which have no immediate obvious growth or metabolic
functions. These complex materials are referred to as secondary metabolites.
Plants secondary metabolites have recently been referred to as phytochemicals
[1].
Phytochemicals are naturally occurring and
biologically active plant compounds that have potential disease inhibiting capabilities.
It is believed that phytochemicals may be effective in combating or preventing
disease due to their antioxidant effect. Antioxidants protect other molecules
(in vivo) from oxidation when they are exposed to free radicals and reactive
oxygen species which have been implicated in the aetiology of many diseases and
in food deterioration and spoilage. Medicinal plants have been used for
centuries before the advent of orthodox medicine he genus Ocimum is
a member of the Lamiaceae family,
comprising more than 150 species. It grows widely and is distributed throughout
temperate regions of the world with the greatest number of species in Africa.
The best known species are the strongly aromatic herb Ocimum basilicum (Thai
basil) and Ocimum
gratissimum (African basil) as well as the
medicinal herb Ocimum
tenuiflorum, also known as Ocimum
sanctum (holy basil or tulsi in Hindi). Basil is the main ingredient
of pesto sauce but is also used to flavor other sauces and soups. Different
parts including the leaves, stems, flowers, roots, seeds, and even the whole
plant are useful. The seeds are edible, and when soaked in water become
mucilaginous. The leaves can be eaten as a salad. Basil is widely used in
traditional medicine. It is used in Ayurveda and in traditional
Chinese medicine for treating digestive system
disorders, such as stomach ache and diarrhoea, kidney complaints, and
infections. Ocimum gratissimum is
herbaceous plant belonging to Lamiaceae family. The plant is indigenous to
tropical areas especially India and West Africa. It is known by different names
in various parts of the world. In India, the most commonly used ones being
Vriddhu tulasi (Sanskrit), Ram tulasi (Hindi), Nimma tulasi (Kannada). Ocimum
gratissimum has been used extensively in the traditional system of medicine
in several countries. It is used for medicinal, condiment and culinary purpose.
The flowers and the leaves of this plant are rich in essential oils so it is
used in preparation of tea and infusion. The plant is commonly used in folk
medicine to treat different diseases such as upper respiratory tract
infections, diarrhoea, headache, eye and skin diseases, pneumonia, cough, fever
and conjunctivitis. In India, the whole plant has been used for the treatment
of sunstroke, headache and influenza as a diaphoretic, antipyretic and for its
anti-inflammatory activity. The infusion of Ocimum gratissimum leaves is
used as pulmonary antisepticum, antitussivum and antispasmodicum. Since no work
has so far been cited on Ocimum gratissimum root, the present study
deals with the investigation of medicinally useful bioactive phytoconstituent
in root extracts and their antimicrobial activity along with total phenolic
content, (Alfred .,2017).
The ethanolic extract of the leaves of Ocimium gratisimum,
used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments such as
urinary tract, wound, skin and gastrointestinal infections, was evaluated for
its antibacterial properties against four clinical bacteria isolates namely:
Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and the antifungal properties using a clinical isolate of Candida
albicans. A typed bacterium of Escherichia coli and another typed fungal strain
of Candida albicans were also included. The study also intended to verify if
the concomitant administration of conventional antibiotics with which is normally taken as food (spice) will
negatively affect its activity. Phytochemical analysis of the extract performed
following established methods Results The extract showed good but varying in
vitro activities against all the isolates tested. While ampicillin showed
synergistic interaction with the plant extract against clinical isolates of E.
coli and P. mirabilis, septrin was synergistic against the clinical isolate of
E. coli only. Similarly, the activity of the extract against C. albicans
isolate was synergistic with ketoconazole and nystatin.
Ocimum gratissimum is a well-known plant used in the
Indian system of medicine. Folklore medicine claims its use in headache, fever,
diarrhoea, pneumonia etc. Research carried out using different in vitro and in vivo techniques of biological evaluation supports most of the claims.
This review presents the ethnobotanical, natural product chemistry,
pharmacological, clinical and toxicological data of the plant.
The aim of this
research is to study the thin layer and U.V spectroscopic characteristics of
the phytochemical’s presence in Ocimum gratissimum.
I.
To determine the phytochemical components of Ocimum
gratissimum
II.
To determine the thin layer properties of Ocimum
gratissimum
III.
To determine U.V characteristics of chemicals from Ocimum
gratissimum.
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