Abstract
Cholera
is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to
dehydration and even death if untreated. The disease is spread from one person
to another by eating of food or drinking of water contaminated with human
excreta. It is acute in onset and is caused by ingestion of food or water
contaminated with bacterium vibrio cholera. The study was carried out to assess
the knowledge and prevention of cholera among residents in Oko-Oba Agege Local
Government Area of Lagos state.
A
total of two hundred and twenty-two (222) respondents were used for the study,
data was collated using questionnaire and shared among the residents of
Oko-Oba. Research questions were formulated to assist in extracting the needed
facts. Information collected from the questionnaire were systematically
analyzed and presented in tables, bar charts and pie charts. From the results,
it was noticed that some of the respondents have knowledge on cholera and ways
of preventing it, though some were not fully knowledgeable of the disease
condition, thus the need for further education.
The
study found that there was no relationship between knowledge of cholera,
hygiene practices and socio-economic factors of respondents and cholera
infection among respondents in Oko-Oba Agege LGA. Regardless of educational
status, all were at risk of cholera infection. Based on the findings,
recommendations were made which include the need for a future study to
ascertain why knowledge is not effective in the presence of socio-cultural and
socio-economic problems with regards to cholera control. Also, there is need to
replicate the study of the same variables in similar communities in other to
obtain data for informed decision making.
Table of Content
Title Page ii
Declaration Page iii
Certification/Approval Page iv
Dedication Page v
Acknowledgement vi
Abstract vii
Table of Content viii
Chapter One: Introduction 1
1.1 Background to Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 2
1.3 Objective of Study 3
1.4 Research Question 4
1.5 Hypotheses of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 4
1.6 Scope of the Study 5
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 5
Chapter Two: Literature Review 6
2.1 Conceptual Framework 6
2.1.1 Causes of Cholera 10
2.1.2 Incubation period of Cholera 10
2.1.3 Clinical manifestation of Cholera 11
2.1.4 Mode of transmission of cholera 11
2.1.5 Cholera Treatment 12
2.1.6 Prevention/Control of Cholera 14
2.2 Theoretical Framework 16
2.2.1 Health belief model 16
2.3 Empirical Review 20
2.4 Summary of Literature Review 26
Chapter Three: Methodology 27
3.1 Research Design 27
3.2 Population of the study 28
3.3 Sample and sampling Technique 28
3.4 Instrument for Data Collection 30
3.5 Validity of the Instrument 30
3.6 Reliability of the Instrument 31
3.7 Method of data collection 31
3.8 Method of Data Analysis 31
3.9 Ethical considerations 32
Chapter Four: Result (Data Analysis and
Presentation) 33
4.1 Result 33
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data
according to Research Questions 33
Chapter Five: Discussion of Findings,
Summary,
Conclusion and Recommendations
43
5.1 Discussion of findings 43
5.2 Implication of the study to Nursing 47
5.3 Limitations of the Study 47
5.4 Summary 48
5.5 Conclusion 48
5.6 Recommendations 49
References 51
Appendix A: Informed Consent 57
Appendix B: Questionnaire 58
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of Study
Cholera is an infectious disease that
causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if
untreated (WebMD, 2019). The disease is spread from one person to another by
eating of food or drinking of water contaminated with human excreta. It is
acute in onset and is caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with
bacterium vibrio cholerae (WHO, 2014). As to the nature of its acuteness, it
has a short incubation period of less than one to five days. Once the bacteria find
itself in the human intestine, it produces an enterotoxin that causes one to
have copious watery stools followed by frequent vomiting (Ali et al., 2012).
World
Health Organization (WHO, 2014) stated that the disease can affect both adults
and children. About 20% of the individuals who are affected experience acute
watery diarrhea and 10% to 20% of persons infected develop both diarrhea and
vomiting. The case fertility rate may reach 30% to 50% if no immediate
treatment is given, but can be reduced to 1% if treated promptly (Barua, 2012).
Treatment of cholera is basically by rehydration, thus by replacing the salt
and fluid lost (WHO, 2014). Very severe dehydration cases of cholera require
the administration of intravenous fluids while up to 80% of cases can be successfully
treated with oral rehydration solutions. Such patients also need the
administration of anti-biotics to diminish the duration of the diarrhea as well
as shorten the duration of vibrio cholerae excretion (NCDC 2017) (WHO 2021).
1.2
Statement
of Problem
About 3 - 5 million people are infected
with cholera globally and a hundred thousand to one hundred and twenty thousand
(100,000 to 120,000) deaths occur annually due to cholera (WHO, 2014). In
Africa, out of thirty-two (32) countries that reported deaths globally, twenty
(20) were on the African continent. These countries accounted for 3,397 deaths
which was 45% of the global total deaths (WHO, 2014). The Americans, Haiti also
reported 3990 deaths which accounts for 53% of the global deaths within a
period of over seventy days. The rate of prevalence of cholera in Sub-Saharan
Africa is astronomically increasing due to high levels of poverty and limited
access to adequate health care, unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation
(Gaffga et al., 2017). Nigeria’s situation is also critical because there are
poor living standards in most rural areas and extreme overcrowding which
contributes to the continuous outbreaks of cholera (Osei & Duker, 2018). Kano
State report outbreaks annually with high case fatality ratios ranging from
4.98% in 2010 to 5.10% in 2018 over the last decade (Ngwa et al., 2021).
Between 2004 and 2014, a total of 105,483 cases and 3,913 deaths were reported
(CFR = 3.7%). The largest outbreaks were reported in the northern states of the
country (UNICEF, 2014).
This study therefore intends to know the
level of knowledge and prevention of cholera among the residents of Oko-Oba in
Agege Local Government Area of Lagos State.
1.3
Objective
of Study
The broad objective of this study is to assess
the knowledge of cholera and its prevention among the residents of Oko-Oba in
Agege Local Government Area of Lagos State.
The Specific Objectives are to:
1. Assess
the level of knowledge of the residents in Oko-Oba in Agege Local Government
Area on cholera.
2. Assess
the attitude of residents in Oko-Oba in Agege Local Government Area towards
cholera prevention.
3. Determine
the hygiene practices of community residence in Oko-Oba Agege Local Government
Area.
4. Identify
the preventive measures of cholera adopted by the residents of Oko-Oba in Agege
Local Government Area.
1.4
Research
Questions
1. What
is the level of knowledge of residents in Oko-Oba in Agege Local Government
Area on cholera?
2. What
is the attitude of residents in Oko-Oba in Agege Local Government Area towards
cholera prevention?
3. What
are the hygiene practices of community residents?
4. What
are the preventive measures of cholera adopted by residents in Oko-Oba in Agege
Local Government Area?
1.5
Hypothesis
of the Study
Ho: There is no significant relationship
between the knowledge and prevention of cholera among Oko-Oba residents.
Significance of Study
This study would help in improving the
knowledge of people, especially those in the rural communities on the causes of
cholera and ways to prevent cholera. The study would contribute to the
development of intervention strategy by health services provider and
stakeholders to redirect their strategies towards the prevention and control of
cholera especially in the high-risk population and slum areas of rural
communities. Also, the result of this study will help the policy makers in
planning and formulating future policies with regards to cholera interventions,
prevention and control. It will also add to the body of knowledge of nursing
profession.
1.6
Scope
of the Study
This study was carried out in Oko-Oba in
Agege Local Government Area of Lagos State. The justification is mainly that cholera
affects mostly people living in the rural areas and communities. The
respondents used were the community residents who were above eighteen (18)
years of age. The study variable covered were the level of knowledge of
residents, attitude of residents, hygiene practices of residents and the
preventive measures of cholera adopted by the residents.
1.7
Operational
Definition of Terms
Cholera:
This is an infectious disease that causes watery diarrhea that can lead to
dehydration and even death if not treated on time.
Knowledge:
This means facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or
education.
Prevention:
This refers to the action of stopping something from happening or occurring.
Residents:
This refers to the people who live permanently or on long term basis in
Oko-Oba, Agege Local Government Area, of Lagos State.
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