ABSTRACT
This research work
investigate the globalization and its impacts on Nigeria’s foreign policy. The
descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of
the study comprises the civil servants workers and private workers in Shomolu Local
Government area. The simple random sampling technique was used to select 200
respondents from the population used for the study. The main instrument used
for data collection was questionnaire that was validated by experts and the
reliability was also established. Four research questions were raised and
answered; The study revealed that, there is globalization impact in Nigeria’s
foreign policy, which brought about both good and bad consequences into
Nigeria. The issue of terrorism had brought down the image of Nigeria in the
international arena.
Also, internal
political dynamics also contributed to the manner in which Nigeria behaved in
the foreign arena. As a federation of contending political persuasion,
consensual position on foreign policy was the rule rather than the exception.
Nigeria being that
most populous Black Country in the world compelled her to shoulder, wittingly
or unwittingly, the leadership of the black world. This led to Nigeria’s
feeling that she had a responsibility far beyond her borders same might say
beyond her means. Even though Nigeria moved in a measured pace, there was no
doubt that the political leadership of the First Republic realized that the
country had a legitimate claim to leadership and also that black people in Africa
and the Diaspora looked up to Nigeria, (NIIA, 3-5).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGES
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Content vi
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Background
of the Problem 2
1.2 Problem
of the Study. 5
1.3 Objectives
of the Study. 8
1.4 Research
Questions 9
1.5
Significance of the Study 9
1.6 Scope
and Limitation of the Study 10
1.7 Research
Methodology 10
CHAPTER
TWO
2.1 Definition
of the concepts central to the thesis 13
2.2 Globalization
in Nigeria’s foreign policy 20
2.3 Nigeria’s
foreign policy process 25
2.4 Globalization
and Nigeria process 27
2.5 Globalization
is prospects in Nigeria’s foreign policy 29
2.6 Brief
history of Globalization with its impact on Nigeria’s foreign policy 33
CHAPTER
THREE
3.1 Globalization
and Nigeria’s foreign policy in the pre-independence time 39
3.2 Globalization
and Nigeria’s foreign policy in the First Republic 41
3.3 Globalization
and Nigeria’s foreign policy from independence to date 44
3.4 Globalization:
Nigeria’s foreign policy in the international arena 47
3.5 Globalization:
Nigeria foreign policy in the domestic scene 50
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.1 Globalization
and its impact on Nigeria’s foreign policy 58
4.2 Analysis
of Impact of globalization on Nigeria’s foreign policy 66
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1 Summary 61
5.2 Conclusion
82
5.3 Recommendations 83
References
85
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The transformation of the global village has come to
be associated with the dynamism and frequency of technological advancement. One
significant phenomenon that was extent prior to and during the cold war, was
the technological advancement of nuclear and chemical weapons.
The dissolution of socialism in the Eastern bloc
raised questions about the emergent global village. One school opinionated that
the world was heading towards a unipolar arrangement dominated by the United
States. Another school opined the emergence of multipolar powers with
relatively equal leverage. To the extent that these postulations were
essentially political, blurred the unnoticed innovative constellation of
economic forces.
Today, the domination of politics in the international
scene has gradually given way to economic hegemony in the form of
globalization. Though, the relationship between the two phenomena is cyclical,
since one reinforces the other.
Globalization optimizes the amelioration of
international commerce on the international life of states. In the view of Ian Clark,
at least since the mid-nineteenth century, international commerce has been
thought to have a potentially pacifying effect on international life.
During the 1960s and 1970s, interdependence theorists
made great play of the extent of economic and materials, interconnection, and
concluded from this that there were radical changes underway, both in the
categories of actors or the international stage and in the nature of their
interests.
Globalization has become a strong concept in the
market place of ideas on international relations. This has brought about the
colouration of the concept. For Jonathan R. Strand.
…”globalization involves the tying of firms,
production, product markets, and financial markets into integrated
transnational systems”. (2001).
Globalization is not new, though for thousands of
years, people-and, later corporations – have been buying from and selling to
each other in lands at great distances, such as through the fraud silk road.
1.1 BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Since
the independence of Nigeria in 1960, there have been a plethora of conceptual
ideological transitions in the Nigeria’s foreign policy machinery. Essentially,
they all strive towards an epistemological construction and definition of the
thrust of Nigeria’s foreign policy. These conceptualizations are often regime
specific and borne out of a psychological hunger to carve a regime identify
that will create and leave lasting impressions on the minds of Nigerians. They
are not necessarily products of deep and profound philosophical reflections.
This crisis of myownism (regime identity) is one of the major causative
agencies of project abandonment and public policy failure in Nigeria.
The
concepts that have bestraddle foreign policy thought in Nigeria, in both
official and nonofficial parlance are: national consensus in foreign policy,
dynamic foreign policy, Africa as the centre piece of Nigeria’s foreign policy,
concentric cycles, concert of medium powers, economic diplomacy, and citizen
diplomacy among many others. These conceptual mutations in Nigerian foreign
policy engineering, we contend, lack my ideological consistency, operationally
barren, philosophically vague, and such, as exercise in conceptual confusion
and groping in the dark.
We
have demonstrated that since independence to date, although there have been
conceptual and doctrinal transitions in Nigeria foreign policy, in reality they
are not grounded in deep philosophical thoughts, visionary imagination and broad
based considerations of long lasting benefits to the national interests.
Basically, there are borne out of programmatic exigencies, political faddism,
conceptual elegance and regime identity. As a results Nigeria’s foreign policy
fifty five years down the road can be summed up to be change and continuity,
motion without movement, dynamism without surge. What Nigeria need therefore is
a foreign policy that will contain the crisis of under development, the
challenges of poverty, leadership, political development, and a host of other
maladies and launch her as a modern state in the twenty-first century in order
to realize her full potentials and cravings for continental and global
leadership.
Since
independence, Nigeria foreign policy has been characterized by a focus on
Africa and by attachment to several fundamental principles: Africa unity and
independences peaceful settlement of disputes; non-alignment and non
intervention in the internal affairs of others nations; and regional economic
cooperation and development. In carrying out these principles, Nigeria
participates in the organization of Africa Unity (OAU), the economic community
of West African States (ECOWAS), the Non-Aligned Movement and the United
Nations.
Nigeria
has maintained meaningful relation with governments of U.K, U.S, and other
western powers. In November, 1999, Nigeria and the U.K agreed on a Joint
Military Operations with training. Clearly, the past Nigerian government is
committed to fundamental democratic principles and the return of political
stability. To achieve this, Obasanjo is aligning himself with countries such as
the U.K.
Although
the continent of Africa has traditionally been the focus of Nigeria’s foreign
policy for several decades, economic diplomacy is emerging as another
significant priority. In this regard, Nigeria hopes to promotes economic
co-operation with the global community.
In
pursuing the goal of regional economic cooperation and development, Nigeria
helped create ECOWAS, which seeks to harmonize trade and investment practices
for its 16 West African members countries and ultimately to achieve a full
customs union. Nigeria also has taken the lead in articulating the views of
developing nations on the need for modifying the existing international
economic order in the context of the North-South dialogue (2011).
1.2 PROBLEM
OF THE STUDY
The challenges before the nation’s economic managers
is to put the economy on the path of competitiveness and strengthen it to
participate effectively and compete favourably within the global system. The
government should update the infrastructure, improve access to
telecommunication and stabilize power supply, corruption and inefficient
monopolices must quickly give way, through privatization and liberalization to
private sector participation. Social investment on education and health must be
stepped up in order to create a pool to skilled workers who will utilize the
country’s abundant resources and return it to the path of prosperity.
The new process of globalization being facilitated by
information and communication technologies had set in motion new dynamics of
development. On its own part government should recognize that to achieve
competitiveness and ensure the efficient allocation of resources, the growth
and development of the Nigerian economy must be anchored on the global economy
to meet challenges of globalization (2002).
Since the advent of the president Yar’Adua
administration on 29th May, 2007, Nigeria’s foreign policy has been
largely characterized by a re-definition of some of the principles guiding
Nigeria’s international behaviour. One possible rationale for this might be as
a result of public complaints that the impact of Nigeria’s foreign policy
endeavours has generally not been felt by the ordinary Nigerians. Nigerian’s
foreign policy assistance to other countries also has not always been
appreciated but has always been marked by hostility and mistreated of innocent
Nigerians the world over. Another possible reason also might be to protect the
Nigerian interest in global politics. Whatever is the case, government has
revisited the principles of reciprocity in Nigeria’s foreign policy, adopted a
new attitude to official development assistance, introduced a new criterion for
possession of Nigeria’s international passport, as well as reviewed the terms
of production sharing contracts (PSCS, 2007).
Principle of
Reciprocity
On the principle of reciprocity, Nigeria’s foreign
minister, Chief Ojo Madueke, has announced that he would pursue citizen
diplomacy that would also be guided by the rule of reciprocity: one main
objective of the rule is to prevent the maltreatment of Nigerians abroad,
reciprocity is good if, both in its sense of retorsion and reprisal, Nigeria
has the means to sustain it, and more importantly, if Nigeria is ready to meet
the challenges of counter reciprocity. Reciprocity is not a one-action
phenomenon only.One action begets another. The major problem here is that, it
is not only the Europeans, Americans etc, that maltreat Nigerians, the
maltreatment of Nigerians by some African States (Liberia, Gabon, South Africa,
etc) is more notorious. In many cases, Nigerians themselves act in ways that
warrant mistreatment, and thus making it difficult for government to retaliate
on their behalf. In many others, such mistreatment was unwarranted. In this
latter case, however, there is again the problem of determining whether to
allow a single act of mistreatment to jeopardize other overall national
interests at stake in the country that has maltreated one or some Nigerians).
Thus, the application of reciprocity must be cautions and not generalized
(2007).
Wherefore, what then is to be done to avoid complete
marginalization and a possible position of Africa in the face of failure of
policy which is causing the rest of the world considerable
concern. This concern arises not out of altruism but because of constant
breakdown of law and order in Africa and attendant immigration of refugees from
the continent to other parts of the world. In recent times, we have seen the
phenomenon of disappearing states like Somolia, and Liberia not to mention
Rwanda and Burundi even Nigeria is being described by such an important news
mediums as the America’s Washington past as a “failed state” when a state is
branded a “rogue state” or a “failed state” such a state is a fair game for
adventurist imperialistic powers.
Nigeria
must first of all confront her domestic problem. The fundamental problems here
is military dictatorship. We must transit from this to democracy. Democracy is
not just the question of holding periodic elections, important as this is, it
means developing a democratic culture underpinned by the rule of law. We must
build an egalitarian society with careers being opened to talents. It should be
possible for any Nigerian of talents to rise to any position that these talents
entitle him. The present politically expedient policy of federal character
which has been misued should yield place to open competition. This is the only
way by which the sense of patriotism will be fostered. There is at present a
feeling in some parts of the country that this republic is not based on
equality of its citizen. Such feelings would have to be assuaged through
practical sharing mechanism. The alternative to building a united country is
too ghastly to be contemplated.
Finally,
the worst foreign minister Nigeria ever had was Tom Ikimi, then of the AC, who
served under General Abacha. A successful architect, he was totally out of his
depths in the foreign ministry. He was so inept that professor Gabriel Olusanya
once publicly dismissed his foreign policy as ‘area boys’ diplomacy. He stepped
on virtually all foreign toes and left the foreign image of Nigeria in total
disrepute. His personal style was far too abrasive and combative. At the
foreign level, he was so oblivious of implications for Nigeria’s external image
of the execution of the Ogoni four, including Ken Saro-wiwa that Nigeria had to
be suspended from the common wealth of nations, of which a Nigerian, Chief
Emeka Anyaoku, was the Secretary General.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The
main purpose of this study is to investigate globalization and its impacts on
Nigeria’s foreign policy: specifically to:
1. Examine
the impact of Globalization in Nigeria’s foreign policy.
2. To
identify the reason why globalization has impacted into Nigeria’s foreign
policy.
3. To
investigate the role played by globalization into Nigeria foreign policy.
4. Examine the relationships between
globalization and its impact on Nigeria’s foreign policy.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1. What
impact is globalization to Nigeria foreign policy?
2. What reasons why globalization being impacted into Nigeria’s foreign policy?
3. What roles played by globalization into Nigeria’s
foreign policy?
4. What
is the relationship between globalization and its impacts on Nigeria’s foreign
policy?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
findings of the study will enable the government of Nigeria to provide
solutions to the identified globalization impacts on Nigeria’s foreign policy.
While we seek better and closer ties with the superpowers, we should in equal
measure seek close ties with emerging powers who may provide a better
opportunity for ‘equal exchange’ and can facilitate in reversing the
deindustrialization process and promote technological acquisition than the past
fifty five years and which have left us largely unindustrialized and
technologically backward. In this regard, Nigeria has to walk or rather run on
several legs, improve agricultural production through the intervention of
science and technology, produce technology for the production of intermediate
goods and capital goods. In the ends, employing the irons and steels
industries, including the machine tool industry to upgrade industrial capacity
will propel Nigeria into the club of an industrialized nation and progressively
move it from a net importer to exporter of technologies and industrial goods.
1.6 SCOPE
AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study tends to investigate globalization and its
impacts on Nigeria foreign policy. Using shomolu local government as a case
study. The study will be conducted in shomolu where the participants who were
civil servants and private workers would participate in the study. The study
made used of structural information either from textbooks or internet. An
intensive review of literature in libraries and textbooks were the main source
of gathering informations that is required.
This research work is limited to information data made
available by the participants and the limited time schedule to sample all working
class people in shomolu local government area of Lagos. Time is a major factor
to the researcher as research of this kind requires enough time in gathering of
data but time was given to carry out the research . The study is limited to
some selected people who are government workers and private workers in Shomolu
area.
1.7 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
This
research is primarily undertaken to investigate globalization and its impacts
on Nigeria’s foreign policy. To do so, however, this section presents the
research questions, data collection procedure and the major target were the
civil servants and workers in private sectors who would be conveniently
selected.
1.7.1 Data
Collection Procedure
The
data needed for this research were collected from identified primary and
secondary sources i.e. textbooks, newspapers, conference/seminar papers etc.
were also consulted and relevant information extracted.
1.7.2 Research
Method
The
civil servants and private workers sectors
are the participants to administer questionnaires to and were conveniently
selected.
Population
The
target population for this study includes all civil servants and private
workers in shomolu local government area. The location of the study is in shomolu
local government Area in Lagos States. All the participants will be randomly
selected from all the stratified zones. The overall population in shomolu is
540,000 it is surrounded by water that connects the mainland with the island.
The people that are much more populated in this area are Ilajes, Ijebus,
Badagry people (egun) etc, most of these tribes are known for their fishing
businesses.
Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
The
simple random sampling techniques would be used to select 200 (Two hundred
civil servants and private workers to represents all the accessible people in
shomolu Local Government Area.
Analytical Procedure
The
data and materials collected for the purpose of the research was selected and
used to back up the resources utilize for the purpose of the research.
Materials from the Texts books, Newspapers and internet were mostly use. The
data collected will be analyzed in order of research questions. The research
questions will be analysed.
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