ABSTRACT
This study was carried out bacteriological Quality of Female Students handbags in Jigawa State Polytechnics Dutse. twenty samples were collected from different students. Also the handbags from which the samples were collected includes: Leather, Chain, Nylon and velvet handbags. The bags were swabbed with sterile swab sticks, inoculated on different types of culture media and incubated at 370c for 24 hours. Growth was observed after 24 hours. Gram stain and were used in the identification of bacteria. In the course of the study, the following bacteria were isolated from the internal surface of the handbags Staphylococci, Esherichia coli.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table
of Contents v
List
of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the
study 3
1.2 Rationale of the
study 3
1.3 Aims and objectives
of the study 3
1.4 Significance of the
study 4
1.5 Limitation of the
study 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 5
2.1 Various bacteria contaminants associated
with female handbags. 7
2.2 Handbags and hand
hygiene 10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method 13
3.1 Study Area 13
3.2 Materials 13
3.3 Sample Collection 13
3.4 Bacteria Isolation
and Identification 13
3.6 Gram Stain 14
3.7 Catalase Test for
Confirmatory Test 14
3.8 Data Analysis 14
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussion 15
4.1 Results 15
4.2 Discussion 19
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and
Recommendations 22
5.1 Conclusion 22
5.2 Recommendation 22
References 23
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Number of hand bags analyzed
from the sample areas.
15
2 Bacterial culture growth from
different media 16
3 Morphological characteristics and gram
staining reaction and microscopic shape 17
4 Confirmatory Test Result in Biochemical
Test on the Catalase Test 18
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Microorganisms
are ubiquitous. Microbes can be found everywhere, from the earth crust to the
polar ice and oceans, to the bodies of plants and animals. Microorganisms are
living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, in terms
of numbers and range of distribution, microbes are the dominant organisms on
earth. A large and diverse group of microscopic organisms exist as single cells
or cell dusters; which includes viruses that are microscopic but not cellular
(Lynn et al., 2013).
Several
studies have demonstrated colonization and contamination of objects such as
door handles, mobile phones, money etc. Majority (80%) of infections are spread
through hand contact with hands or other objects. Various gram negative
bacteria and gram positive Cocci (GPC) were isolated from the daily used
gadgets like computer, mobile phones, stethoscopes etc (Chandra et al.,
2014).
Germs
can survive in the microscopic grooves and cracks on surfaces and will go
unnoticed. Oils in the skin, dust, grime, moisture and warmth from central
heating systems provide an ideal environment for these germs to accumulate.
Cold and flu viruses can survive on dry surfaces for more than 48 hours while
some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, can survive for months, soft wet surfaces,
(particularly those with plenty food) are perfect for bacteria. Cloth, sponges
and carpets that have gotten wet are excellent living places for bacteria
because it protects them from exposure to the environment, dry air or sunlight
(Samy et al., 2012).
Many
investigators have studied solid surface bacterial infection in computer
keyboard (Marsden, 2009). Mobile phones (Ulger et al., 2009). Computer
keyboards and mice, elevator buttons and shopping carts (Al-Ghamdi et al.,
2011) and currency notes (Yazah et al., 2012). According to (Samy et al., 2012), a low positive percentage
(16%) results were detected from samples collected from pens and keyboards in
the public halls. In contrast, sheet of protech IT hygiene (Technical release
1162; 2012) reported that there can be up to 400 times more bacteria on office
desk and keyboards than toilet seats. In our point of view, the places of which
the samples were collected, hygienic status of keyboards, cool of hall
atmosphere could make such a difference. Datta et al., 2009 have
isolated gram positive bacteria staphylococcus, and streptococcus from mobile
phones. In his study, a variety of media used in the isolation process to
fulfill the requirement of bacteria from different sites (Datta et al.,
2009).
In
comparison to many other studies (Yazah et
al., 2012) obtained gram positive and
gram negative bacteria in their work, from currency notes and computer
keyboards, curtains, cell phones, white coats and ties, respectively. Such
regarding results were typical to our results, likewise regular cleanliness of
contaminated sites with different disinfectants can minimize bacterial growth.
It is extremely difficult to completely eliminate all bacteria from surfaces.
Ladies handbags is also another important source for the growth of
microorganisms usually, Handbag is one of the gadgets which are not shared or
multipurpose, single use but due to its type of utilization, it is believed
that, handbags are also an important environment for the growth of
microorganisms (Chandra et al., 2014).
Bacteria
that can cause severe gastroenteritis have been found on the internal surfaces
of handbags (Chandra et al., 2014). This demonstrates that germs
can be readily transferred from your hands to almost any frequently used
surface. Although the role of fomites including handbags in the transmission of
infectious diseases has for long remained controversial subjects.
Handbags
contain several cosmetics items like face creams, lipstick, powder, partially
consumed food items. In case of lactating women, handbag contains fresh/used
diapers, milk bottles etc. In addition to all these, water bottles create moist
environment in the handbags which is suitable for the growth of microorganisms,
thus making internal surfaces of female handbag a viable model for the
transmission of several disease causing organism.
1.1 Background
of the Study
Handbags
are commonly used multipurpose personal gadgets of females. Heavy bacteria
contamination of the surface of ladies handbags is a major health hazard and of
serious nosocomial importance in hospital settings. Bacteria harbored in the
surface of ladies handbags plays an important role in the transmission of
different diseases mechanically in health centers or hospitals etc.
1.2 Rationale
of the Study
Microorganisms
can be found in the internal surface of lady’s handbags. The unavailability of
sufficient data to effectively correlate handbags to the transmission of
several infectious diseases of man and animals and spread of pathogenic and
drug resistant microbe prompted this study.
1.3 Aims
and Objectives of the Study
The
aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the presence of various populations
of bacteria associated with the surface of ladies handbags.
The
specific objectives are;
1) To
isolate bacteria associated with the surface of ladies handbags
2) To
identify the isolate bacteria from the
surface of handbags.
1.4 Significance
of the Study
This
study will be of great importance in the provoking renaissance of “handbag
hygiene” among women and the general public at large. By enlightening them on
the inherent mechanical role handbag play in the spread and transmission of
disease causing organism.
1.5 Limitation
of the Study
This
research is limited to the study of Bacteria likely to be found in female
handbags of Jigawa State Polytechnic Dutse Students
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