TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.4
Scope of the Study
1.5 Significance
of study
1.6 Limitations of study
1.7 Study Area
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Urban Traffic Flow Characteristics
2.2.1 The
Urban Road Network
2.2.2 Intersections
2.2.3 Road Interchange
2.2.4
Coordination of Traffic Lights
2.2.5 Giving Priority to Public Transport
2.2.6
Pedestrian Right of Way
2.3 Conceptual Framework
2.3.1 Causes and Impact of Traffic Congestion in Urban Areas
2.3.2 Recurrent Congestion
2.3.3 Non-Recurrent Congestion
2.3.4
Impacts/Costs of Congestion
2.3.5
Congestion Impact on Energy/ Fuel Consumption
2.3.6 Congestion Impact on Physical Health
2.3.7
Phyco-Social Impact of Congestion
2.3.8 Measures
of Controlling Congestion
2.3.9 Demand Initiatives
2.4 Road Safety Education
2.4.1 Parking
Restrictions
2.4.2 Road
Pricing
2.4.3 Staggering
of Trips
2.4.4 Restrictions
of Vehicle Use
2.4.5 Flextime
2.4.6
Access Management
2.4.7
Speed Reductions
2.4.8 Traffic
Calming and Roundabouts
2.4.9 Supply Initiatives
2.5
Road Traffic Regulation
2.5.1 Nigeria Police Force
2.5.2
State Level Administration
2.5.3 Local
Government Level Administration
2.5.4 Definition
of Terms
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design
3.2 Source of Data
3.2.1 Primary Data Source
3.2.2 Secondary
Source Data
3.3 Techniques
for Data Collection
3.4 Instrument
for Data Analysis
3.5
Validity and Reliability
3.6 Data
Collection Instrument
3.7
Procedure for Processing &
Analyzing Data
3.8
Procedure for Processing
Questionnaire Data
3.8.1 Questionnaire Design
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
4.1 Road Traffic, Regulation
Enforcement and Patrol
4.1.1
Road Traffic, Regulation Enforcement and Patrol
4.1.3
Problem Encountered in Enforcement
4.1.4 Impact of Patrol on Drivers
4.1.5
Level of Coordination with Other Law Enforcement Agencies
4.1.6 Road Traffic and Vehicle Inspection
Process Facilities and Certification
4.1.7
Condition of Lagos State Vehicles
(danfo buses)
4.1.8
Regulatory of the Patrol
4.1.9
Road traffic officers and driving tests
4.1.10
Drivers Failure in Driving Test
4.2.1
Warehouse Road
4.2.2
Wharf Road
4.3
Traffic Count FunshoWillams/ Marine Bridge to Apapa Port
4.4
Traffic Count from Apapa
Port to Funsho Williams Avenue/Marine Bridge
4.5
Traffic Count from Creek Road to
Commercial Road
4.6
Traffic Count from Commercial Road to Creek Road
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3
Recommendation
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
It is pertinent to highlight the relevance of
creek road in Apapa. Any traffic hindrance on it will definitely generate a lot
of hiccups in the logistics business that is the core activity on this road.
Creek road is the major road that leads from
the premier Apapa port (Wharf) all the way to link one of the country's
international airports (Murtala Muhammad airport, Ikeja); which is several
kilometres away from each other
This road is one of the roads that yields
quantum amount of revenue to the financial cover of the federal government of
Nigeria. In terms of interconnectivity, it links Tin Can Island Port, Conmaldi
and some other container ports and oil farm depots are located along the route.
The perpetual and incessant traffic congestion caused by heavy duty shipments
on it’s on it has really affected activities as turnaround in doing businesses
on this corridor elongated more than necessary.
Several efforts in the past and recent times
have been made in finding lasting solution to this traffic menace, but yielded
no desirable results. Most of the government efforts at resolving this issue
have always been sort of Fire Brigade Approach. There is urgent need for
alternate routes and modes of travel in and out of the port.
Multi-modal transport system is required. It
is quite obvious that traffic congestion is the largest hindrance to the
success of transportation/logistics business most especially in this part of
the world. Its impact can never be under-estimated as every country is devising
methodologies and techniques in combating this traffic menace.
Road traffic in and out of sea port complexes
become more crowded and less safe everyday in Lagos, Nigeria. In the past, road
transportation was not a very big problem due to the small number of vehicles
that were on our roads. During the last years, since the number of vehicles
(automobiles and Road vehicles) increased, a lot of traffic problems have
occurred. Apapa, a city in Lagos State would be the location and subject of
this study due to extremely high port-related activities in the area.
This increase in vehicular activities has led
to congestions and delays when entering or leaving Apapa, especially during the
peak hours and this has called for the study of alternative transport mode use
and intersections management in the area to know how they are faring in
directing and controlling traffic, especially how those intersection tend to
reduce conflicts along the three major intersections in Apapa - Liverpool Road,
Point Road and Wharf Road. Where two or more roads meet is called an
intersection and this usually presents an opportunity for conflicts among
vehicles, because it is an area designated for the vehicles to turn to
different directions to reach their desired destinations. The main functions of
intersections is to guide vehicles moving in different directions to their
respective paths, thereby improving safety, reducing conflicts, and increasing
the flow of traffics. Intersection safety remains a challenge for intersection
designers.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Several factors contribute to the traffic
menace into and out of Apapa port complex. These include the lack of holding
bays, which is an unprofessional way of doing shipping business. Many shipping
companies in Apapa area operate their businesses without having personal
stemming port/ holding bays for export shipments. This has become necessary on
the same road with the efforts to return empty containers back to the Apapa
Port. Other factor include the import/export profitability, which is to
establish the cost difference between import and export shipments vis-a-vis its
economic impact especially profitability in most of the Inland container
Depots. Against this backdrop, this research effort will include the causes
such as-lack of holding bays for empty containers, unorganized parks by
container trucks before proceeding to the port for loading and off-loading,
effect of oil farms situated along this corridor, the narrow nature of the road
especially in the trucking of heavy duty shipments, lack of alternative
transport mode to road in this area which have alleviated the current situation
for better. On the other hand, the cumulated effect of this unending traffic
congestion is multi-dimensional to the economic sustainability of logistic
business on this corridor.
Underutilization of the Railway system, Lagos
Lagoonal System and pipeline with over-dependence on road, the
over-pressurization of road has brought about the endemic problems on the road
itself and associated infrastructures. The road is characterized by accident,
road mishaps, traffic congestion and robberies etc.
The poor traffic situation arises as a result
of the various roles of Apapa as industrial, commercial, educational,
administrative and transportation centre. Also, the geographic location of the
city, the unruly behaviours of drivers and the sudden rise in car ownership
consequent upon improved standards of living, use of trailers and tankers have
all combined to compound the problem.
This rapid growth in the population of Lagos
has exerted tremendous pressure on the existing deteriorating transport
infrastructure in the study area, due to the fact that Oshodi/ Apapa Expressway
is the main artery in Nigeria's commercial capital, Lagos, it is a major link
to many inlets and outlets within and outside the metropolis.
The road intersections at Apapa were designed
about four decades ago and at the time posed no problems. But the increase in
vehicular activities - heavy duty vehicles and cars, cause great problems
because capacity had not been taken into consideration as at the time of
designing those road intersections, thereby causing great conflicts and delays
to motorists. The increased economic activity in Apapa has caused a tremendous
increase in trucks, cars and pedestrians which in turn creates untold hardships
to road users who have to contend with the same capacity of roads built long
ago. This increase in vehicular activities increases the conflicts at these
intersections thereby causing delays, accidents and loss of man-hours that
would have been used efficiently.
Most businesses in Nigeria depend on the
Nigerian seaports for the supply of their goods and materials and more than 90%
of that passes through Apapa thereby making Apapa a commercial hub for
businesses. There is no gain saying the fact that logistics has a lot to do
with time, but the problems caused by the capacity of intersections to exit
vehicles faster in Apapa are just too much. On a very busy day, it could take a
truck up to twelve hours to drive into Apapa from point Road intersection and
another twelve hours to take delivery and exit through point road intersection
or Liverpool.
1.3
Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to critically
analyze the conflicts that occur within an intersection from the conflict point
of view and try to explain what happens and why at the three intersections at
Apapa. In the same vein, the study will focus on the safety of those
intersections, the levels of control and the capacity of those intersections to
control traffic. The aim of this study is to critically evaluate accessibility
to Lagos port. The objectives are to:
· determine the traffic characteristics;
· traffic congestion; and
· determine the points of conflicts in Apapa
carry out traffic counts and determine its flow along these intersections.
· propose alternative modal choice at relieving
the traffic madness in and out of Apapa.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is to evaluate the
impact of traffic congestion impacts in Oshodi Apapa Express way, precisely at
the axis of Toyota Junction/Ladipo Auto dealer Market/Airport Road. The
research study seeks to evaluate the traffic congestion within this route, its
attendant effects on road users' enroute Airport Road from Oshodi, Mushin and
Apapa and possible solution to the problem. The scope of this study was limited
to this part of Oshodi-Apapa expressway in Lagos Nigeria, this is as a result
of the peculiar nature and state of the road and the kind of traffic generated
on this road on daily bases. Basically, the study investigated issues arising
from the objectives of the study, that is , the road condition, traffic
conflict point, transportation and road intersection as well as various land
use activities and socio-economic activities present along the corridor in
terms of adjoining land uses that causes delay in traffic flow such as street
trading, pedestrian movement, among others will be assessed, to ensure these
activities do not obstruct the flow of traffic along the corridor any more.
1.5 Significance of study
The sustenance of a nation's economic growth
hinges on unhindered free flowing, advanced and smart transportation systems.
The study would assist in alleviating the
traffic congestion resulting from the neglect of other transport modes apart
from road. This study would be relevant to city designers and engineers
involved in the design of intersections, in that it would increase knowledge as
to what is needed or the basic factors to be considered when designing
intersections. This study will also increase knowledge to students who are
interested in conflict resolution in Port Areas. The study will also be
beneficial to drivers, especially motorists and pedestrians, to understand the
causes of conflicts at intersection because 95% of those accidents are due to
driver error and wrong perceptions of other road users.
Most importantly, it would be beneficial to
business owners and logistic companies which will enable them carry out their
business effectively and efficiently.
This study is also significant in that all
road users would be equipped with a better understanding of the workings of
intersections and this will go a long way in reducing conflicts and accidents.
1.6
Limitations of study
This study will concentrate on the causes of
accidents and delays related only to conflicts that happen at the selected
intersections and would not cover other causes of accidents in Apapa. The study
will not go beyond the descriptions of conflicts at intersections in Apapa and
the roles it plays in the movement of traffic.
1.7 Study Area
Lagos state is situated in the South Western
Nigeria within latitude 602' N to 604'N and longitude 2045 E to 4020 E. The
state is bounded form the North and East by Ogun State, in the West by the
Republic of Benin and the south by the Atlantic Ocean. The total land mass of
the state stretches over 3,345 kilometers with an estimated population of about
15 million. Apapa is the major port of the city of Lagos, Nigeria and is
located to the west of Lagos Island, across Lagos harbor. It also one of
Nigeria 774 local government areas. The study Area covers the distance between
wharf Road and Warehouse Road, with geographical coordinate 6 27 N 3 22 E
/6.450 N 3.367 E. the local government is bounded from the North by marine
beach to include mobile offices and Ijora; while to the South by
Atlantic Ocean, East by Lagos Lagoon, and West by Lagos Lagoon. The total
landmass of the local government stretches over 38.5 kilometer.
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