THE COMBINATORIAL ACTIVITY OF M.O AND J.C ON BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL ISOLATES

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0              INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3       Aim of the study

1.4       The specific objectives of this study are:

1.5     HYPOTHESIS 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1       LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2       EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE

BIOACTIVE COMPOUND:

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

2.3       ANTIMICROBIAL TESTING

2.4       PURIFICATION

2.5       STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUND

TOXICITY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUND

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

 Collection and Identification of plant leaves

3.1       RESEARCH DESIGN – Experimental design

3.2       SAMPLE AND SANPLING TECHNIQUES

3.3       PREPARATION OF THE EXTRACT

3.4       COLLECTION OF TEST ORGANISM

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST/ZONE OF INHIBITION.

3.6 DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

            Plants have been used for centuries before the advent of Orthodox medicine. Leaves, flowers, stems, roots, seeds, fruit and bark can all be constituents of herbal medicines. The medicinal values of these plants depend on their phytochemical components, which produces definite physiological actions on the human body. The most important of these phytochemicals are alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds (Afolabi et al., 2007; Okorondu et al, 2010). Moringa is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Moringaceae. The genus Moringa in turn is made up of 12 species. Moringa oleifera is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa and it is found in many tropical and sub-tropical regions (Sofowora, 1984). M. oleifera is cultivated and harvested in many areas of the world where other plants are unable to thrive and virtually every part of the Moringa tree can be used for food, medicine or put some other beneficial use (Farooq et al., 2007). The “Moringa” tree is grown mainly in semi-arid, tropical and subtropical areas. It grows best in dry sandy soil, tolerates poor soil, including coasted areas. M. oleifera, commonly referred to as the miracle tree, is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. It is a fast growing and resistant shrub, native to India but now widely distributed in the tropics and subtropical areas (Oliver-Bever, 2000). In Nigeria, M. oleifera is encountered doing well in all ecological zones where it is always in season all the year round. The plant is propagated by both seeds and cuttings. The Moringa tree is grown mainly in semi-arid, tropical and subtropical areas. Today, it is widely cultivated in Africa, Central and South America, Sri- Lanka, India, Mexico, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. It is considered one of the World’s most useful trees, as almost every part of the Moringa tree can be used for food or has some other beneficial property (Fahey, 2005).

Jatropha curcas is a plant which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae originated from Mexico and South Africa (Tint and Mya, 2009). The plant was introduced to Africa by the Portuguese in 1500 and was found growing sparsely in the wild in Nigeria and was use as hedge (Lozan, 2007). It is easy establish and grows relatively quickly producing seeds for 50 years. It is usually propagated by seed. (okorodun et al.,2013)

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Most Nigerians have misused the opportunity of Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas in which it has become harzadous to the body system instead of becoming antimicrobial agent. Therefore this study intends to evaluate the combinatorial of M.oleifera and J. curcas on bacteria and fungi.

1.3       Aim of the study

            The aim of this study was to determine the combinatorial activity of M.o and J.c on bacterial and fungal isolates. 

1.4 The specific objectives of this study are:

1.      To determine the antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera and extract on some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. 

2.      To investigate anti- microbial activity   of Jatropha curcas on some bacterial and fungal isolate s.

3.      Assess combinatorial activity  of bacteria and fungi on Moringa oleifera and Jatropha  curcas, on some bacterial and fungal isolates

1.5     HYPOTHESIS 

1.         Hi: There is no significant difference in the level of sensitivity pattern of some bacterial isolate on Moringa oleifera at different concentration.

2.         Ho: There is a significant difference in the level of sensitivity pattern of some bacterial isolate on Jatropha curcas at concentration of 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625mg/ml

3.         Ho: There is a significant difference in the level of sensitivity pattern of Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas to some bacterial and fungal isolate at different concentration.

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