TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION.
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3. OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
1.7. DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.8. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.9. DEFINITION
OF TERMS
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2 WHO
IS A TEENAGER?
2.3 ADOLESCENT
SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS.
2.4
PRE-MARITAL SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
2.5
REASONS WHY TEENAGERS ENGAGE IN PRE-MARITAL
SEX
2.6
DANGERS OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY
2.7
HEALTH RISK OF ADOLESCENT SEXUAL ACTIVITIES
2.8. APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE REVIEW.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
3.2. RESEARCH
DESIGN.
3.3. POPULATION.
3.4. SAMPLE AND
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES.
3.5. RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT.
3.6. VALIDITY OF
THE INSTRUMENT.
3.7. PROCEDURE FOR
DATA COLLECTION.
3.8. PROCEDURE FOR
DATA ANALYSIS.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND
PRESENTATION
4.1
INTRODUCTION
4.2
DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENTS
4.3
TESTING OF HYPOTHESES
4.4
DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. SUMMARY
5.2. CONCLUSIONS
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX:
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION.
The
word Teenage refers to both male and female between the ages thirteen and
nineteen (13-19years). Under the American social norm, such teenagers are not
regarded as matured. Although physiologically, they look like adults and so
they engage in acts of sexual intercourse with members of opposite sex. This
behavior poses a great challenge to health services, since sex at this tender
age exposes them to a lot of risks, such as teenage pregnancy.
This
was informed by Awake (1990) when the publisher put forward that moral
decadence among our youths is assuming alarming proportion in Nigeria today,
day after day, month after month and year after year, crime rates are mounting
by leaps and bound.
Teenage
pregnancy has become serious public health problem particularly in the
developing countries and researches that have been conducted have shown that it
has been on the increase. Research conducted also shows that teenage pregnancy
poses health problem in developed countries like America.
Corry
and Cray (1997) supported the notion that schools should teach health education
and in addition identify the current problems such as sexual transmitted
diseases, which is usually followed by pregnancy among teenagers. The role of
school and home towards sex education has been a controversial issue. Mooney
(1975) and Fakunle (1986) have conducted a research holding that teenagers
learn about sex from peer and literature and much of the information so
obtained is inadequate and inaccurate. (Oladapo and Akintayo 1991). Sex is
glamorized in books, televisions and movies. This places greater
responsibilities on young persons to maintain a standard of conduct that will
give greatest happiness both now and in the future. The standard of conduct
required by adolescent is better started at home. Turner 1979.
Mooney
(1975) writing on schools, responsibilities of both school and parents opined
that parent’s primary role is to set behavior limits for their own children.
Fakunle (1986) further asserted that in the early stages of personality
development must be encouraged at home particularly sexual knowledge knowing
how they function and sexual changes fully enjoyed. Marjorie (1979) and Thomas
(1979) points out that teenage pregnancy and the inherent abortion are not
without their social effects. It is
uncommon in some societies to attach a terrible stigma to girls who are
pregnant or have probably committed abortions, such girls and their families
are usually the talk of the town by the society, the girls are sometimes ridiculed,
characterized and insulted by people around them and comrades at schools,
teachers do not look at them with favor, nearly one million of these
adolescents age 15-19years becomes pregnant in United State yearly and a20,000
pregnancy occur out of wedlock and are
unintended.
According
to Barbana (1988), Adolescence is by definition on unstable time during which
teenagers need structure as well as the opportunity to become more independent
are given responsibilities and challenges to face, they need the ability to
imagine their futures and skills to set reasonable goals for their personal
growth.
Teenage pregnancy is technical
defined as occurring when women under the age of twenty become pregnant,
although in the United States, the term usually refers to girls younger than 18
of age. During both physical and medical concerns, problem of teenage pregnancy
and child bearing arise from individual, familiar and social factors, these
include but are not limited to culture, religion, cultural value and belief,
law, education, economic circumstances, lack of support structures such as
finding access health care, contraception and other resources and mental and
emotional well being condom (2002).
Data supporting teem pregnancy as a
social issues in developed countries include lower educational levels, higher
rates of poverty and other poorer ‘life outcomes’ in children of teenage
mother.
Teenage pregnancy in developed
countries are usually outside of marriage and for this reason, it carries a
social stigma in many communities and countries. Some teenage pregnancies in
developed countries are usually outside of marriage and for this reason it
carries a social stigma in many communities and countries. Some teenage
pregnancy occurs as a result of young women’s sexual in experience and an
inadequate understanding of their reproductive matters and access to
contraception are necessary to prevent unintended teenage pregnancies and
childbearing. Not all teenagers’ pregnancies are unplanned, however a survey of
589 pregnant western Australian Adolescents (12-17) reported that 17% started
that they planned to (Corkindale, 2002).
Adolescents of information and
access informational services have been compounded by government restriction
and social hypocritical disapproval of adolescent sexuality and contraceptive
use. There is a wish to prevent sexual intercourse from taking place among
young unmarried adolescents with consequent moral structural segregation of
boys and girls, the threat of punishment if found on the other hand, there is a
wish to prevent the consequences such as the spread of AIDS, unwanted
pregnancies and emotional trauma, within intercourse does take place. The prize
is the provision of effective, safe and adolescent friendly sexual health
information and services censes. (Corkindale 2002)
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Teenage
pregnancy is on the increase at an alarming rate among female students in Nigeria, which
has generated a lot of concern to most individuals, families and the society.
It is also one of the serious social health problems which is gradually gaining
ground and spreading which is now in the whole wide world.
Studies
had shown that teenagers are bound to have its share on this health problem.
Therefore, the need for this study is to investigate into the causes and
prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in
Ijebu-Ode. This will help in a great deal to expose these students to
information that deal to expose these students to information that will in turn
enable them to make informed decisions about their social health.
1.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research shall attempt to
find answers to the following questions.
1.
Will lack of the health counseling be the cause of
prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in Ijebu
ode?
2.
Will lack of mass media be the cause of prevalence of
teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female student in Ijebu Ode?
3.
Will altitude of parents be the cause of prevalence of
teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode?
4.
Will broken home
or divorce be the cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary
school female students in Ijebu-Ode?
5.
Will lack of sex education be the cause of prevalence
of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode?
6.
Will peer pressure be the cause of prevalence of
teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students in Ijebu-Ode?
1.4. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following
hypothesis will therefore be tested:
1
Lack of health counseling will not be a significant
cause of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female
students in Ijebu-Ode.
2
Mass media will not be a significant cause of
prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in
Ijebu-Ode.
3
Attitude of parents will not be a significant cause of
the prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school female students in
Ijebu-Ode.
4
Broken homes or divorce will not be a significant cause
of prevalence of teenage pregnancy among the secondary school female students
in Ijebu-Ode.
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
This
study will provide useful information to parents on how to educate their
children and solve their sexual health and reproductive problems. Furthermore,
the health counselor may acquire sufficient factual information’s in
establishing meaningful information with teenage clients and the community in
order to reduce teenage pregnancies in secondary schools.
The study may serve has a spring for
future similar research efforts.
1.6. DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work would focus mainly on five (5) secondary schools in Ijebu-ode, Ogun State.
The secondary schools include:
· Adeola Odutola secondary school.
· Anglican
Girls Grammar
school, Ijebu-Ode
· Our Lady of Apostles secondary school.
· Muslim
College Ijebu-Ode.
· Tai
Solarin Staff
School, Ijebu-Ode.
1.7. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The
following limitations might be encountered in the study;
1.
Failure to return all completed questionnaires.
2.
Irregular completion of the questionnaire which might
lead to rejection.
All
these limitations will be taken care of by ensuring that sufficient numbers of
questionnaires are ready for analysis.
1.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS
1
Adolescence: - this is a period of life beginning with
the appearance of secondary sex characteristic and terminating with the
cessation of somatic growth roughly from 11
to 19 years of age.
2
Teenager: - age of 13 to 19 years.
3
Puberty: - adolescence age when secondary sex
characteristics, that is breast, public hair develops.
4
Teenage pregnancy: - when teenager becomes pregnant.
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