ABSTRACT
Bleaching is the process in which net oral colouring matter is removed
from a fiber, yana or fabries. It ranges
from simple to complex type depending on the ingredeient moderal the bleach
solution chosen in this research work is oxochtorale: (i) acid solution (Hocl). The bleach was produced when 100mls of
hydrochloric acid was pound into the flask and 20g of potassium tetraozo
magnate (vii) was also put into the round bottom flask. The flask containing the Hcl was connected
into one of the opening, so that the Hcl ran into the round flask to make
contact with the potassium tetraoxomaganate (vii) Kmno4. The chlorine gas was liberated and passed on
till the water became saturated form exochlorate (i) acid, which is the bleach
solution. This is an oxidative
process. The equation is thus:
ch(g)+ H2O (L) Hoclca2)+ Hcl(og).
The oxochlorate (i)
acid formed is an effective bleaching agent.
The bleach produced was compared with commercially produced bleach. The control bleach used was Jik a product of
PZ Nigeria plc. The result sowed that
there was significant difference between the laboratory produced bleach and the
commercially produced bleach solution.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table
of contents
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Statement of the problem
1.2 Aims and objectives
1.3 Hypothesis
1.4 Limitation of the study
1.5
Significance of the study
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 BACKGROUND OF BLEACHING SOLUTION
2.2 OXIDIZING OR REDUCING BLEACHING AGENT
2.3 TYPES OF OXIDIZING BLEACHING AGENT
2.4 MECHANISM OF BLEACHING AGENT
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 REAGENTS USED
3.2 APPARATUS/MATERIALS USED
3.3 METHOD OF PRODUCTION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULTS
4.2
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Bleaching is a process
in which natural colouring matter is removed from a fiber to make it
white. This process can be extended to
other uses for example, in yarn or fabrics or in pulp and paper industries
where cellulose used in making paper is bleached to white. Bleach solution can also be defined as any
solution that is capable of bleaching colouring matters. Bleach solution ranges from simple to complex
types in various trade names like parazone, Jik etc. They completely depend on the makes up of the
ingredient materials.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There has been the
problem of low quality production of bleach by various producing firm in
Nigeria. This study is set to assess the
production of bleach solution, self-empowerment of our young school leavers in
Nigeria.
“SUB PROBLEM
1”
The purpose of this
study is to produce a bleach solution that will be affordable to the common man
in the society.
“SUB PROBLEM II”
The reason for this
study is to produce a bleach solution that will be of high quality compared to
the commercially produced ones in the market.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aims and
objectives of this project is to a large extent as explained by the title –
“Production of bleach solution comparatively to commercially produced bleach
solution. The research objectives are
listed below:
1. To harness the available raw materials for
the production of bleach solution in the country.
2. To produce quality bleach, which will be
affordable to the masses comparatively to others produced and sold costly in
the market.
3. To establish medium scale industries for
employment of young school leavers thus making them to become self-reliant.
1.3 HYPOTHESIS
Having stated the
problems and the objectives of the study, the researchers hereby make the
following tentative statement. The
following hypothesis are being considered:
Ho: Bleach
produced from project will be comparable to commercially
produced bleach sold in the market.
H1: Bleach
produced from project will not be comparable to commercially
produced bleach sold in the market.
1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This empirical study
is concerned with the strategies for producing bleach and making it to be of
more quality compared to the commercially produced ones already in the market.
In pursuance of a
successful completion of this research work, certain limitations posed some
threats to the researchers. Among them
we have:
1. FINANCE
Finance has been the major
factor in any type of project. Lack of
adequate funds to meet the rising cost of undertaking a research work was among
the constraints.
2. TIME
The interval between
choosing the project topic, the submission of the project and preparation for
the final examinations is very infinitesimal, but these are logjam and hence the
researchers were deprived of so many other activities to ensure the fulfillment
of the research work.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
For sometime now,
there has been great public concern over the low quality production of bleach
solution.
The result of the
findings will be of great importance to our society because things like
domestic work in our homes. For example,
washing clothes, removing of stubborn stains, cooking, cleaning and also in
killing germs will be done by the bleach solution produced.
Finally, this research
work will be of immense importance to the researchers, since it is a practical
requirement for the award of Ordinary National Diploma (OND) in Science
Technology of the Institute of Management and Technology (IMT), Enugu.
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