PERSONALITY VARIABLES AND MATE SELECTION PREFERENCES AS CORRELATES OF MARITAL STABILITY IN IMO STATE

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ABSTRACT

 

This study investigated the extent to which personality variables and mate selection preferences correlate with marital stability in Imo State. Five research questions and five null hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a correlation research design. The sample for the study consisted of 1,496 (956 males and 540 female) married persons drawn through multi-stage sample technique from a target population of 149,606 (95,621 males and 53,985 female) married persons with age range between 40-44 for married men and 35-39 for married women who had been married for one to ten years (1-10years). Three instruments namely: Personality Variables Questionnaire (PVQ), Mate Selection Preferences Questionnaire (MSPQ) and Dyadic Marital Adjustment Questionnaire (DMAQ) were developed by researcher and validated by three experts: one from Psychology, one from Guidance and Counselling and one expert from Measurement and Evaluation; all from the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. The internal consistency of the instruments were determined through use of Cronbach Alpha method and reliability indices of 0.82, 0.80 and 0.76 were obtained for PVQ, MSPQ and DMAQ respectively. The data obtained through the administration of the instruments were analysed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient to answer research questions. Linear regression was used to test null hypotheses 1, 2, 4 and 5, while multiple regressions were used to test null hypotheses 3 at 0.05 level of significance. Scheffe’s test was also done for a step-wise comparison of the means for hypotheses 3. The study revealed the following findings: Personality variables and mate selection preferences jointly and significantly correlate with marital stability. Personality variables had higher percentage contribution of .534 (which is 53.4%) than mate selection preferences which had .434 (43.4%) in marital stability; Male and female personality variables predicted only 5.0% and 5.4% of the marital stability respectively. Therefore, there was no significant difference in the correlation between male and female personality variable in marital stability. There was no significant difference in the correlation between male and female mate selection preferences in marital stability in Imo State. Male and female mate selection preferences predicted only 4.6% and 4.5% of the variance observed in marital stability respectivelyIt was thus recommended that intending couples should be mindful of differing personality traits and mate selection preference styles that can lead to marital satisfaction in their relationship and the consequent effects of the psycho-social effects on them and the children they would give birth to from the marriage.




TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                        i

Declaration                                                                                                      ii

Dedication                                                                                                      iii

Certification                                                                                                    iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                        v

Table of Contents                                                                                           vi

List of Tables                                                                                                  viii

Abstract                                                                                                          ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study                                                                         1

1.2 Statement of the Problem                                                                         10

1.3 Purpose of the Study                                                                                12

1.4 Significance of the Study                                                                         12

1.5  Research Questions                                                                                   15

1.6 Hypotheses                                                                                               15

1.7 Scope of the Study                                                                                   16

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE                                  17

2.1 Conceptual Framework                                                                             17

2.1.1 Concept of marriage                                                                              17

2.1.2 Concept of marital stability                                                                   30

2.1.3 Concept of mate selection                                                                     30       

2.1.4 Concept of personality                                                                           33

2.2 Theoretical Framework                                                                             42

2.2.1 Trait theory of personality (Gordon Allport, 1936)                               42

2.2.2 Propinquity theory (Leon, Schacter & Kurt, 1950)                               43

2.2.3 Exchange theory of Blau (1964)                                                            44

2.3 Review of Empirical Studies                                                                    45

2.4 Summary of Literature Review                                                                55

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY                                                              57

3.1 Design of the Study                                                                                  57

3.2 Area of the Study                                                                                     57

3.3 Population of the Study                                                                            60

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique                                                              61

3.5 Instrument for Data Collection                                                                 61

3.6 Validation of the Instrument                                                                    64

3.7 Reliability of the Instrument                                                                     65

3.8 Method of Data Collection                                                                       67

3.9 Method of Data Analysis                                                                         67

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                                        67

4.1       Results                                                                                                67

4.2       Major Findings of the Study                                                              79

4.3       Discussion of Findings of the Study                                                  79

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1       Summary                                                                                             86

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                          88

5.3       Educational Implications of the Study                                               89

5.4       Recommendations                                                                              90

5.5       Limitations of the Study                                                                     92

5.6       Suggestions for Further Study                                                            93

REFERENCES                                                                                            93

APPENDICES                                                                                              113




 


LIST OF TABLES

 

4.1:      Correlation matrix on extent personality variables correlate

with marital stability                                                                           69

 

4.2:      Linear regression analysis of extent personality variables

correlate with marital stability                                                            70

 

4.3:      Correlation matrix on extent mate selection preferences

correlate with marital stability                                                71

 

4.4:      Linear regression analysis of extent mate selection preferences

correlate with marital stability                                                71

 

4.5:      Correlation matrix of personality variables, mate selection

preferences and marital stability                                                         72

 

4.6:      Multiple regression analysis of personality variables, mate

            selection preferences and marital stability                                          73

 

4.7:      Scheffe test on relative contribution of personality variables

            and mate selection preferences in marital stability                             74

 

4.8:      Correlation matrix of the difference in the correlation between

 male and female personality variables in marital stability                  75

 

 

4.9:        Regression analysis of the difference in the correlation between

 male and female personality variable in marital stability                   76

 

 

4.10:    Correlation matrix of the difference in the correlation between

male and female mate selection preferences in marital stability         77

 

 

4.11:      Regression analysis of the difference in the correlation

between male and female mate selection preferences in

marital stability                                                                                   78


 

 

 

 

     CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Globally, marriage is seen as a sacred institution between man and woman. It is a holy mystery in which one man and one woman become one flesh. Marriage is a formal event where two people (one man, one woman) are joined legally, culturally or religiously as one. Marriage is a gift of God, a creation ordinance and a means of His grace. Marriages are recognized by diverse religions and cultures as working properly between two partners, man and woman for the sacred institution creation. Obviously, marriage institution has been in existence right from the days of Adam and Eve in the garden, Eden which up till now the institution has continued to bridge ethnicity gap and act as national and international integration which help to foster unity.

Undoubtedly, marriage institution has come to take prominent position in nation building. This is because when two partners (man and woman) come together to become husband and wife they no longer see themselves as children but rather as adults who are capable of advising themselves and others in the society (Ayodele, 2011). Marriage is one of the secular and religious institutions found in every society. It is an institution that allows individuals into family life and organised to help regulate the sexual life of people in the society at large. Ojukwu and Kadurumba (2014) opined that marriage is not merely a private relationship but a public affair. Ojukwu (2013) sees marriage in Igbo land as the union between the opposite sexes and does not include same sex marriage as it is commonly practiced in some developed countries of the world.

In addition, Kocak (2009) view marriage as representing the only relationship where society positively sanction most forms of sexual expression, provides sexual outlets and legitimizes reproduction. It is the pivot through which the society functions. 

There are different types of marriage as there exist different societies and cultures. It extends from monogamy to polygamy vice versa. Mondal (2016) outlined the following as types of marriage; Monogamy, Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyandry. Monogamy is the type of marriage that operates on the rule of one man, one wife. Polygamy on the other hand refers to a form of marriage, where there is more than one spouse. Polygamy is of two types namely; polygyny and polyandry. Polygyny refers to when a man marries more than one woman who may or may not be related by blood (non-sororal polygyny and sororal polygyny). While polyandry is the type of marriage that allows a woman to marry more than one husband that may or may not be related by blood (non-fraternal polyandry and fraternal polyandry) for example in most communities in Delta and Edo states. In the traditional Igbo society, marriage is considered a sacred union which must be entered into in the view of upholding its tenets and standards. The United Nations Population Network (POPIN) (2018) summarized the specific functions and roles of marriage to include establishing emotional, economic and social bonds between spouses, providing a framework for procreation and sexual relations between  spouses; protecting family members; giving a name and status to family members especially to children and providing basic care, socialization and education of children.

Stability in marriage connotes a situation where there is peace and harmony in marriage. Adesanya, (2012) posits that marital stability refers to the relationship in which couples live together in marriage, enjoying the closet possible loving and fulfilling relationship without any intention of separation or divorce. It can be viewed as the likelihood that the marriage will stay intact, without dissolution or divorce. Ojukwu (2013) defined marital stability as husband and wife remaining legally married in a shared household over time. Mitchell & Plouche, (2016) explained marital stability as remaining legally married without divorce, physical separation or legal separation. They hold that marital stability is related to but distinct from marital adjustment, marital quality, marital satisfaction and marital success. It implies the peaceful staying or living together of couples with each couple playing his/her legal family role without external intervention from either of the extended family members and friends. Stability in marriage is obtained only when the two couples decide to handle their matters within themselves and avoid opening their differences to those outside the family.

Ojukwu (2016) explained that marital stability is an important topic from theoretical and practical point of view. He opines that individuals who enjoy happy and stable marriage live longer and healthier lives than either divorced individuals or those who have unhappy and unstable marriage. He linked marital stability to marital happiness, adjustment, quality and satisfaction. According to Ojukwu (2016) marital stability is fostered and enhanced by such factors as effective communication between spouses, emotional bonding, intimacy, commitment, affection, spouse’s employment, job satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, socio-economic factors, parental background and religious orientation.

In spite of the numerous advantages of marital stability to the couples, families and society at large, many people are still not disposed to marriage. Awake (2011), reports that thousands of marriage are on their bricks of collapse. According to the Awake, 40% of marriages in many lands are today ending in divorce. Similarly, daily reports in the newspapers, social media, radio and televisions even observations indicate that many marriages are breaking down. Homes are no longer stable as they ought to be as instability in the forms of home violence, desertion and abandonment have taken their seats in many families leading to total separation or divorce. Report from the Welfare Board, Imo State (2019), showed that in 2007, 22% of married couples opted for separation and divorce. The number increased in 2018 with about 6% where it was in record that 28% separated and headed for divorce. Similarly, in the early part of 2019, according to the report, 1% increase was recorded bringing the number of separation and divorce cases in Imo State to 29%. This number is outrageous and alarming and shows the level of instability in the society among couples. It had also been observed that the person's internal and external configuration or make-ups in no small measure play crucial role in the condition of marriage among spouses. Eromaka, (2016) explains that one's personality can mar or make his or her home. He holds that most cases of instability as witnessed in most homes are associated to (personality and its variables). It is of essence to note that significant variations in the attitudes and physical qualities of spouse's can lead to marriage stability.

Personality is an umbrella word that connotes every aspect of an individual. Personality is an individual’s ability to express own internal and external make-up. This the individual does without being influenced by anything rather naturally and this differentiates him or her from the world making self-distinctive. On the other hand, Corr, Philip, Matthew & Gerald 2009, defined personality as the characteristics set of behaviours, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. One’s personality can be judged by the way he or she sits, talk, act/behave and so on. It is often broken into statistically identified factors called the Big-Five which are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism (or emotional stability). These are the major traits that underlie personality according to psychologists (McCrae & Costa, 2010). Accordingly, the big five theory model of Pappas (2017) are; Openness to experience which is shorthand for “openness to experience”. According to Pappas (2017), an individual who is high in openness enjoy adventure. The person is more creative and holds unconventional beliefs. Openness to experience reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity, creativity and a preference for novelty and variety a person has. Moreover, individuals with high openness are said to pursue self-actualization specifically by seeking intense, euphoric expressions (Friedman, Schustack, Howard, Miriam 2016). Conversely, those low in openness are just the opposite. They avoid new experiences, not adventurous, sticks to their habits, sometimes even perceived to be dogmatic and close-minded.

Conscientiousness is a tendency to display self-discipline, act dutifully, and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations. It is related to the way in which people control, regulate, and drive their impulses. The average limit of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then declines among old adults (Research Reports on Science, 2012). People that are low in conscientiousness tend towards carelessness, indiscipline and not dependable.

Extraversion on the other hand according to Pappas (2017), is the recognizable personality trait of the big five. Extraverts are chatty, sociable and draw energy from crowds. They tend to be assertive and cheerful in their social interactions. The more of an extravert someone is, the more of a social butterfly they are. Extroversion is a trait marked by pronounced engagement with the external world, often perceived as full of energy possessing high group visibility, like to talk and assert themselves. The opposite of extroversion is introversion. Introversion is often confused with shyness. Introverts lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness, unfriendly or depression instead they are more independent of their social world than extroverts and reserved in social situations. Generally, people are a combination of extroversion and introversion, with personality psychologists suggesting that these traits are connected somehow to our central nervous system (Friedman, Schustack, Howard & Miriam, 2016). Extroversion as a factor is worth considering as personality variable that are not reserved, cheerful and social to a fault. Others may prefer to marry and live with such partners that display or show high level of reservation and those who often think before talking with no intention of drawing attention. Marriage is therefore could be stable if mates are compatible, tolerable and adaptable.

Agreeableness trait reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony. They value getting along with others, considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy, helpful and willing to compromise their interests with others having an optimistic view of human nature (Rothmann & Coetzer 2013). Agreeableness measures extent of a person's warmth and kindness. The more agreeable someone is, the more likely they are to be trusting, helpful and compassionate. Disagreeable people on the reversed side are cold, less likely to cooperate, places self-interest above getting along with others and sometimes their skepticism about others motives causes them to be suspicious and unfriendly. Since no two individuals are exactly the same, couples at times may agree and disagree in certain issues. To avoid instability in marriage arising from low or high agreeableness / disagreeableness, would-be marriage mates should properly assess each other’s personality traits and be sure that they can tolerate each other before mating.

Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression (Jeronimus, Riese, Sanderman & Ormel 2014). It refers to personality of how stable or unstable an individual controls events of life. These problems in emotional regulations can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress (Reynaud, Khoury-Malhame, Rossier, Blin & Khalfa, 2012). Neuroticism, is sometimes called emotional instability or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability. Neuroticism is a classic temperament trust that has been studied in temperament research for decades before it was adapted by the five-factor model, (Norris, Larsen & Cacioppo 2007). Individuals who scores high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress, flippant in the way they express emotions, interpret ordinary situations as threatening and minor frustration as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions mostly tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood.

The uniqueness of each individual is dependent on the individuals possessed personality variables. Those variables mark one differently from others, hence, people ought to look out for mates that possess compatible personalities to theirs in order to nurture stability in marriage. Personality variables are those traits possessed by individuals which would-be marriage mates should consider before accepting each other’s hand in marriage. Such variables include temperaments, body structure, educational background, socio-economic status, flexibility, autonomy, personal leadership style and others. Personality trait is a remarkable icon in unstructured nominations of what people want in mate. Young unmarried men and women count for a mate who is humble, and generous, reliable, sociable, firm, honest, intelligent and understanding. This accounts for why modalities are set by individuals for their would-be life time partners. The success of marriage according to Oparah and Oparah, (2013) depends on a large extent on the choice of marriage mate a person makes. Mate selection processes therefore become a cardinal issue of concern for would be marriage mates as well as a factor that influences marital stability.

Research shows that personality variable is associated closely to mate selection, relationship, satisfaction and marital stability (Donnellan, Conger & Bryant, 2014). Mate selection refers to the process of making a choice of whom to mate with as a life time marriage partner. It is the process of establishing one's desires in marriage such as the psychological, physiological, spiritual, social, academic, economical and moral quantities that are to be inherent in a would be husband and a would be wife and associating same to a particular individual of the opposite sex. Mate selection process can be self-initiated or may have an external connotation. Studies have identified two major forms of mate selection viz, the free choice and the traditional or arrangement mate selection style (Dinna, 2015). The free choice style of mate selection involves the individual choosing a marriage mate by himself and for himself. It does not involve a second or third parties and no one’s opinion counts as the would-be wife or husband makes his or her selection based on personal assessments, interest and conviction (Eromaka, 2016).

On the other hand, the traditional or arranged mate selection is a marriage in which the parents or significant other become involved in the choice of a mate. It is an agreement marriage between families and not individuals who want to get married. Due process must be followed in that the boy’s parents as opined by Dinna, (2015) try to get information about the girl’s family background to make sure the family belongs to the same or comparable economic category before the initial session to be made by the family elders. There is no gainsaying that mate selection processes differ according to cultures. In some civilized countries and cities, people are permitted to select their mates freely based on their personal research on which decision may be based on love or affection for the purpose of bearing children, sexual intimacy etc. On the contrary, speaking about the traditional communities, the issue of choice is solely on family linkage, position or rank, financial issues, the respect and admiration. They believe that free choice marriage interfere into the family bonds, impose coercion and pressure on family (Medora, Larson, Hortacsu and Dave, 2012). The association between personality variables and mate selection has been observed exclusively in almost young adults based studies. Neff and Karney (2015) posited that discrepancies between self-report and spousal reports of personal attributes are associated with relationship instability in the first years of married life even when spouses are relatively described more positively than their self-descriptions. Research findings recently have shown that personality traits or characteristics of one’s make significantly predicted marital stability or instability most notably when the partner was lower on agreeableness, emotional stability and intellect-openness than desired (Botwin, Buss & Shackelford, 2008).

However, in recent years, free choice mate selection has tremendously replaced the traditional style. There has been an increase in personal choice based on line of affection and couples are free to choose who they want to pair up with as marriage partners. This situation is not different in Imo State. Young adults set for themselves modalities for selecting who occupies the vital part of their soul/heart. This process is achieved through dating which allows the young ones the opportunity to study and understand themselves, their likes and dislikes, temperaments, aspirations, religious, social, economic and political background, education and marital status among others. These variables are key factors in mate selection. Meanwhile, a study of the level of instability in marriage as witness in the society today has left researchers wondering what factors are best to be considered before mating such as marital stability, mate selection preferences and personality variables. Personality variables and mate selection preference as correlates of marital stability is yet to be established. This study is embarked upon to ascertain how personality variables and mate selection preferences as determine marital stability among couples in Imo state with a view of making suggestions and recommendations that will enhance and encourage marital stability among married persons.

In considering extent to which personality variables and mate selection preferences correlate with marital stability, gender is a factor that may be suspected to influence the correlation. Gender is the social and psychological aspects of being female or male; it includes a person’s understanding of the meaning to his own life of being a male or a female (Halpern-Felsher, 2012). Attributes of masculinity and femininity are also considered in talking about gender.  Qualities such as assertiveness, bravery, independence, strength, rationality and dominance are attributed to the male gender while the qualities of nurturing, warmth, gentility, emotionality, caring and sensitivity are attributed to the female gender (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2000). The findings of the study may reveal which gender influences the correlation between personality variables and mate selection preferences in marital stability.


1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 Selecting a mate is one of the most important decisions people make during their lifetime, and it one condition that seems to enhance marital stability. Marital stability is observed when a man and a woman who are culturally and legally married, remain together till the test of time at the comfort of each other without break-up of any form. It is the expectation of every couple that their marriage will always be peaceful, united and stable. Stable marriage helps to create an enabling environment for living; enhances warm glow of love while looking forward for achieving both primary and secondary objectives of marriage. But, it has been observed that most couples in Imo state do not possess the right knowledge, attitude and understanding on aspects of their relationship that could enhance marital stability such as personality variables and mate selection preferences. Marriage stability seems to be facing serious crisis and marital breakdown which is now among couple's has resulted in high rate of unstable marriages.

Signs of unstable marriage abound among couples in Imo State such as lack of peace, open confrontation, negative spousal communication, portioning of blames between husbands and wives over minor issues, separation and divorce others. This situation has become so worrisome to the well-meaning people of Imo state including marriage counsellors, psychologists, parents and so on that some scholars have gone into research in order to identify factors that could correlate with marital stability in Imo State. Literature reports from outside the study area tend to suggest that personality variables and mate selection preferences have the potentials of correlating with marital stability. However, the extent personality variables such as (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism) and mate selection preferences such as (ideal mate, value theory and compatibility) could correlate with marital stability in Imo state, Nigeria so that both married couples and would-be couples will become aware of factors that could relate positively to make their marriage stable has not been reported. Therefore, the problem of this put in a question form is: how do personality variables and mate selection preferences correlate with marital stability in Imo State?


1.3 PURPOSE OFTHE STUDY

The main purpose of this study was to find out the extent personality variables and mate selection preferences correlate with marital stability in Imo State. This study specifically sought to:

1.      Determine the extent personality variables correlate with marital stability.

2.      Ascertain the extent mate selection preferences correlate with marital stability.

3.      Find out the extent of personality variable and mate selection preferences correlate with marital stability.

4.      Determine the correlation between male and female personality variable in marital stability based on gender.

5.      Find out the correlation between males and females mate selection preferences in marital stability.


1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of the study had both theoretical and practical significance when published. Theoretically, the findings of the study supported the trait theory of personality by Gordon Allport (1936) which believed that individuals have certain characteristics that partly determine their behaviour and that these traits are tends in behaviour or attitude that tend to be present regardless of the situation. The theory emphasized that personality variables are the major areas to look out for in the process of mate selection. To have a stable, peaceful and united matrimony, couples must have matching personality traits. The would-be couples must study each other to ascertain the personality make ups they have got if they can comfortably accommodate it.

The findings of this study if successfully completed and published, may be a great asset to all education stakeholders. Among the beneficiaries of the emanating findings of this study are: the parents, married couples, singles (bachelors/spinsters), adolescent, marriage institutions agent, custodians of culture, professional bodies, curriculum experts, government, researchers and the society/readers at large. On the part of the parents, it would help them to have a clearer understanding of the difficulty of marital stability. They would be helped to see how the roles they play in the lives of newlyweds mar or sustain stability in marriage, such knowledge would help them to know their boundaries as parents and significant others and avoid delving into marriage matters of their children.

Young married couples too would gain from the findings of this study. Findings of the study would help them to be aware of factors that are capable of making their union stable and guide against that. It would also show or expose them to roles expected of each of them to play in order to maintain stability in their marriage. The study would draw inferences from the experience of old and new married couples including those whose homes are intact and those from broken homes. Singles (bachelors/spinsters) who are preparing for marriage will benefit greatly. It would equip them on making informed decision as regard what variables to look out for in the would-be-marriage mate during the process of mate selection.

The marriage institution agents such as the welfare, marriage registry units, the judiciary, marriage counsellors and psychologists also stand to gain from the findings of the study. This is because, the findings of the study would provide them with information on factors that enhance marriage stability as well as those factors that breed marital instability, knowledge of these factors would equip them on the best approach to adopt in counselling and uniting married persons. The study would also be a veritable tool for the custodians of culture and society at large in that they would become aware of their involvement in the promotion of marital stability as well as their contributions towards disintegration. The study would help them see the need to expunge such traditions like the selection of life partner for their children rather than allowing them make their decisions as to who they intend to spend the rest of their lives with.

The government and its agencies would also benefit greatly from the findings and recommendations of this study. The study would guide the government in making laws and policies that would help regulate and reduce the incidents of divorce, separation and factors breeding instability in marriage. The study will also serve as a veritable tool and reference point to home economists and home makers, psychologist, counsellors, curriculum planners and others. Results from the study can serve reference purposes to them for different mate selection preferences, keep marriage intact, blissful and enhanced the generation of a model for marriage stability, harmony and adjustment. Findings from the study would enable the researcher to make suggestions and recommendations that would enhance and encourage marital stability among young and old married couples. The study would also expose the society/readers the skills and factors that would-be married persons should possess and consider to make their wedlock a success or make their homes stable. To the future researchers, the study would be beneficial as it would present to them good empirical studies and literature for which they will make references to, as they would thoroughly review past researcher studies with views of appraising or criticizing the methodologies used in the previous studies and find out the gap which this present study did not fill and work towards filling the gap in a near future.

In a nutshell, the study will be of immense benefit to future researchers, all and sundry, males and females, single and married, old and young, if the result found in this study will be implemented.


1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study was guided by the following research questions:

1.      To what extent do personality variables correlate with marital stability?

2.      To what extent do mate selection preferences correlate with marital stability?

3.      What is the extent of to which personality variables and mate selection preferences correlate with marital stability?

4.      What is the difference in the correlation between male and female personality variable in marital stability?

5.      What is the difference in the correlation between male and female mate selection preferences in marital stability?


1.6  HYPOTHESES

The following null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance:

1.      Personality variables do not have significant correlation with marital stability.

2.      Mate selection preferences do not have significant correlation with marital stability.

3.      Personality variable and mate selection preferences do not significantly correlate with marital stability.

4.      There is no significant difference in the correlation between male and female personality variable in marital stability.

5.      There is no significant difference in the correlation between male and female mate selection preferences in marital stability.


1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study was delimited to twenty out of the twenty-seven local government areas in Imo state. Hundred couples from each of the twenty local government areas were studied. The content scope includes personality variables and mate selection preferences which were the independent variables and marital stability which was the dependent variable. Components of personality variables included openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Components of mate selection preferences studied were ideal mate, value theory and compatibility. Marital stability components examined were management skills, spousal communication skills, social skills and sex related skills. Gender served as a moderator variable. Meanwhile, the study focused primarily on married persons between the ages of forty to forty-four (40-44) years for men and thirty-five to thirty-nine (35-39) years for women married for one to ten (1-10) years. Gender was the moderating variable.

 

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