TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL..................................................................................................................................... ii
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................. iii
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................. v
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER
ONE............................................................................................................................... 1
1.0
Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1
Background of the Study........................................................................................................ 1
1.2
Aim and Objectives................................................................................................................ 2
1.3
Justification of the Study........................................................................................................ 3
1.4
Statement of the Research Problem........................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER
TWO.............................................................................................................................. 4
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................... 4
2.1Microorganisms
on Currency Notes......................................................................................... 4
2.2.
Isolation of Microorganisms from Currency Notes................................................................ 5
2.3.
Identification of Microorganisms: Techniques and Challenges.............................................. 6
2.4.
Common Microorganisms Found on Currency Notes............................................................ 8
2.5 Risk
of Staphylococcus aureus Infection.............................................................................. 10
2.6
Public Health Strategies to prevent the risk of infection transmission through
circulation of currency notes 12
CHAPTER
THREE......................................................................................................................... 16
3.0
Materials and Methods.......................................................................................................... 16
3.1
Materials............................................................................................................................... 16
3.2.1
Sample Collection.............................................................................................................. 16
3.2.2
Sample Labeling................................................................................................................ 16
3.2.3
Sample Preparation............................................................................................................ 16
3.3.1
Swab Inoculation............................................................................................................... 17
3.3.2
Incubation......................................................................................................................... 17
3.4
Laboratory Procedures.......................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER
FOUR........................................................................................................................... 18
4.0
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................................. 18
4.1
Results.................................................................................................................................. 18
4.2
Discussion............................................................................................................................ 21
CHAPTER
FIVE............................................................................................................................. 23
5.0
CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................... 23
5.1
Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 23
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................ 23
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................ 25
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The
circulation of currency is a significant aspect of daily life, facilitating
trade and economic activities. However, money also serves as a vehicle for the
transmission of pathogens, including bacteria, which can pose serious public
health risks. The study of bacterial contamination on currency is crucial,
particularly in markets where money changes hands frequently. Currency, whether
coins or paper notes, passes through numerous hands and environments,
accumulating various microorganisms along the way. Studies have shown that
money can harbor a diverse array of bacteria, some of which are pathogenic and
capable of causing diseases (Basavarajappa et al., 2015). The
persistence of bacteria on money is facilitated by the materials used to
manufacture currency and the conditions in which money is stored and handled
(Angelakis et al., 2014).
In
developing countries, including Nigeria, markets are hubs of economic activity
where money changes hands rapidly. This frequent exchange increases the
likelihood of microbial contamination. Research conducted via various regions
has demonstrated significant bacterial contamination on currency notes and
coins, indicating a potential public health hazard (Alemu, 2014). Commonly
isolated bacteria from money include Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
and Klebsiella pneumoniae, among others
(Fisher et al., 2009).
The
Yantifa Market in Dutse, Nigeria, is a bustling trading center where diverse
goods are bought and sold daily. The market attracts a large number of people,
creating an environment ripe for the exchange of contaminated money. Previous
studies in similar settings have highlighted the presence of pathogenic
bacteria on currency, underscoring the need for targeted research to understand
the specific bacterial species present in such environments (Emikpe et al.,
2011).
Understanding
the types and prevalence of bacteria on currency in Yantifa Market can inform
public health interventions to reduce the risk of disease transmission. For
instance, knowing the specific bacterial species can help in designing
effective disinfection protocols and awareness campaigns about the importance
of hand hygiene after handling money. Moreover, this information can be crucial
for local health authorities in developing strategies to mitigate the spread of
infectious diseases in the community (Singh et
al., 2002).
This
study aims to isolate and identify bacterial species associated with money
circulated in Yantifa Market, providing a foundation for future research and
public health initiatives. By identifying the bacterial contaminants, the
research can contribute to a better understanding of the potential health risks
associated with currency and suggest measures to protect public health.
1.2 Aim and Objectives
Aim: To isolate and identify bacterial
species associated with money circulated in Yantifa Market, Dutse.
Objectives:
- To isolate bacterial species,
present on currency notes in circulation at Yantifa Market, Dutse
- To identify the isolated
bacterial species using biochemical test.
- To provide recommendations on
the potential public health implications of the identified bacterial
specie
The widespread use of currency notes in
daily transactions makes them a potential vector for the transmission of
pathogenic microorganisms. In markets like Yantifa Market in Dutse, where
currency changes hands frequently, the risk of bacterial contamination is
particularly high. This poses a significant public health concern, especially
in regions with limited access to healthcare and hygiene facilities. This
research will provide valuable data specific to Yantifa Market, which can be
used to improve public health measures in the area.
1.4 Statement of the Research Problem
Currency
notes are an essential part of daily transactions, facilitating economic
activities across various sectors. However, due to their extensive handling and
circulation, they become potential vectors for the transmission of microbial
pathogens, posing a significant public health risk. The Yantifa Market in
Dutse, being a busy commercial hub, sees a high turnover of currency notes
daily. This increases the likelihood of bacterial contamination on these notes,
which can serve as fomites for disease-causing organisms. Despite the critical
role that currency plays in the economy and its potential to harbor and spread
infectious agents, there is a scanty of information regarding the specific
bacterial species associated with currency notes in circulation at Yantifa
Market. This this scanty of information have effects the development of
effective strategies to mitigate the public health risks posed by contaminated
currency. This study aims to address this gap by isolating and identifying
bacterial species present on currency notes in circulation at Yantifa Market.
By understanding the types of bacteria and their prevalence on currency, this study seeks to highlight the potential
health risks and emphasize the need for effective measures to mitigate the risk
of infection through contaminated currency.
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