ABSTRACT
This study appraised the current municipal solid waste
management practice in Warri and Environs. Over the recent times, Warri
metropolitan city is experiencing speedy urbanization leading to overcrowding
and the development of slums and unorganised settlements with impoverished
waste management practices. Urban denizen generally burn more resources than
rural denizen, and so produce large amount of solid wastes. The research used
quantitative research techniques to determine the status of municipal solid
waste management practice in Warri and Environs. A total of 664 Warri
metropolitan residents responded to the online interview evaluating their
knowledge and perception toward waste management practice. The result showed
that very high and significant (p<0.05) proportion of the respondents do not
carry out solid waste segregation at the point of generation (66.9%) likewise
their neighbours (53.6%). According to the survey results, waste management is
not due to lack of awareness but weak institutional arrangement and capacity of
local council who are in charge of municipal solid waste management at the
metropolis. This paper suggest the encouragement of waste segregation at source
of generation and activities that promotes sustainable waste to wealth
practices. Also this study recommend examination of the solid wastes management
practice tool in planning for environmental sustainability in Warri and
Environs to ensure healthy environment for all.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE - ii
DECLARATION - iii
CERTIFICATION -
DEDICATION
- v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - vi
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aims and Objectives
1.4 Research Hypothesis
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.7 Limitations of the Study
1.8 The Study Area
1.10
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Ecology and Pollution
2.1.1 Ecological
Footprint.
2.2 Effects
of Ecological Footprint
2.3 Ways to reduce our
Footprint
2.4 Waste Management
2.5 Disposal of Waste
2.6 Quantity of Plastic Waste
Reflection in Warri
2.6.1 The Recycling Process
2.6.2 Types of Recycling
Processing.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODS
3.1
Research Design
3.2
Data Required for the Study
3.3
Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.4
Validity and Reliability
of Instrument Questionnaire
3.5 Method of Data Collection
3.5
Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Data
Presentation
4.2 Analysis
of Data According to Research Statement
4.4 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS
AND
CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE.
5.1
Summary of the Study
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Recommendations
5.4
Contribution to Knowledge
REFERENCES
APPENDIX:
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Waste management means the
collection, transportation, storage, transportation, treatment, utilization,
recycling and processing of the final disposed wastes into more useful
materials. Proper waste handling means preventing breeding or harborage of
flies and mosquitoes, rodents or other disease carrying vectors; preventing air
and water pollution, conserving and protecting resources, preventing health and
physical hazards associated with the handling of solid waste. Effective waste
management handling would lead to encouraging the following practices in
descending order of priority, Waste reduction, Waste recycling, energy recovery
or incineration and Land filling.
Waste is undeniably,
unavoidable component of human existence. If properly it is managed and
disposed, poses no hazard to human existence. However, unmanaged waste, if left
to litter and decay especially in unhabited locations, spells serious dangers
not to only to health but to socio-economic well-being. The improper domestic
waste management has gradually evolved into what appears to continuous crisis
to the nation. However, with recent developments in managing waste and
reduction techniques, there is an increased awareness of the need, not only
proper disposal but also to conserve energy and material resources by passing
selected waste products through industrial process. One such process, has
proven to be successful, is recycling.
Ahmed (2012) Emphasized on
the notion that, the task force handling the sanitation exercises with the
council health workers, will be active
only on environment sanitation day (which comes up once in a month). Delta
state was carved out and created from the defunct Bendel State (2011) offeredan
ideal arrangement where sealed drums were placed in front of individual homes
with certain amount paid to the local government council by individual. It also
altered system in which bigger incinerators were put in some strategized positions
in which heap of wastes were collected by the council. With the creation of
Delta state, the waste disposal business was contracted out.(Contracted out to
Ideal Nigeria Limited a company that specialized in waste disposal). It was
charged with the responsibility of keeping to keep the environment clean and
ensuring that wastes were properly disposed off in Warri as a new sometimes for
constituted a health hazard. The town become cleaner during the period only of
constructors because not were drum place n front individual home on private
arrangement with the contractor, but also there were strategically placed all
over the tractors come with their waste collection vehicles to where they
disposed not to constitute a health hazard to the inhabitants of Warri.
Dare (2013) stated notable
contributions to keep Warri clean. That
some voluntary organizations such as the soropromise etc. in recent past
donated some small waste incinerators and had them placed in some strategic
areas in the town. Despite of all these effort, Warri is still in an unsanitary
condition; these contractors try to emback on direct labour system to cut cost
hence there is personnel and employment shortage. The gutter in Warri
constructed do not drain any time wastes are heaped in front of home without
being removedfor sometime week.Road users throw food items and other materials,
they no longer want on the road, thereby making the road disposed for road user
and at the same time displaying a highsense of irresponsibility. One of the
serious problemsis to dispose their waste in rural area. The disposal of waste
is the responsibility of households. This is relatively easy for them because
they have enough space to dispose their waste using any amiable parefor
composting, burning, controlled tipping and others. It is however very
difficult for the city dwellersas Warri city is running out of need to have a
well planned and organized waste disposal system especially making Warri the
capital of the new state.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The gutter in Warri does not
drain anytime there is rain fall. This has resulted into a breading, ground for
many insects especially, mosquitoes leading to malarial sickness among the
Warri citizens of Delta state Nigeria, it has also make very Untidy and at the
same time smelling seriously due to period of stay of the stagnant water.
Secondly, waste are heaped in
different part of the Warri city in front of so many home home’s thereby
involving harmful insect to Warri city market men and women popularly know as
traders throw waste all over the market place, thereby making the market
environment to look dirty in addition, road users in Warri metropolis throw
food items and other materials, they no longer wants on the road which renders,
the nature of the road very poor and at the same preparing a ground for a
mishap.
Nigeria, like other
developing countries has been witnessing “urban explosion” in the past poor
decades, and a number of environmental
problems associated with urbanization has risen one of the major reasons
responsible for the deteriorating conditions of our cities is the rapid rate of urban growth (SADA, 2001). According
to Magbogunje, the urban population of
Nigeria was less than 6 million in 1960, but by 2011, this population had risen
to well over 35 million people. (Magbogunje, 2011). This figure has been on the
increase since then this increasing population has resulted in a situation
which there are more waste generated than can be evaluated. As a higherpopulation definitely implies a higher
amount of waste will be generated as a
result of man’s activities.
A major problem posed by this
population explosion, is the inability to provide an adequate means of
disposing the tons of waste generated
by this vast population of urban dwellers.
Although the habit of environmental
sanitation have been part of the Nigerian society for a long time. this exercise has not been effective in terms of
clearing of waste such as dirts gathered during the environmental sanitation
exercise are not properly disposed off. when it rains, these gathered waste are
either wasted into the gathers or nearby stream water. Apart from the
population increase which has led to the increase in waste generated as a
result of various human activities, the attitude of the people in the urban centers’ towards
waste disposal is also responsible for the poor rate of waste disposal. Urban
dwellers see the city as a “No mans land” where relationships are almost
exclusively impersonal. In urban centers, maintenance of the environment is
seen as a No man’s business as a result, waste are been dumped indiscriminately
without thought to the effect if has on the environment and man. This situation
was elaborately described by Onokerhoraye (1994). He observed that many
families dump their waste products in
nearby streams, openyards and bushes. This unhealthy trend is very common in
Warri (Delta State), where residents dump their refuse in gutters, openyards,
rivers, etc some of the areas were waste are frequently dumped illegally in
Warri includes: market places, streets, moats, etc. These dump sites serves as
breeding nest for pest, such as rats, cockroaches, and insects such as flies,
mosquitoes etc.
A survey by the United
Nations international children’s emergency fund (UNICEF) estimated that over 2
million children die each year from illness related to unsanitary conditions
(Awake 2011).
The world environmental day
which was held on 15th June, 2008 was another opportunity to remind
the world of the dangers passed by a dirty environment and the advantages that
can be derived from maintaining a clear environment. Various attempts have
however been made by individuals, the public and non governmental agencies
alike to solve the problems of waste disposal, by providing suitable means for
disposing of wastes. One of such
attempts is that made by the Delta State government on the 15th of April, 2008 when 11 trucks
for waste collections were distributed among areas in Warri, to collect and
dispose waste in these areas. Large
dustbins (Trash cans) were also
distributed among these areas.
The Niger Delta Development
Company (NDDC) has also contributed towards solving the problem of waste
disposal as they have provided receptacles for waste to be dumped in as well as
waste disposal trucks in various areas.
However, these attempts have not been
made to yield the desired result as the waste disposal facilities provided are
usually not enough to carter for the
people in need of it and in most cases,
the facilities are that evenly
distributed. Other problems like shortage of manpower, finance, attitude
of people towards waste disposal, lack of disposal sites or location etc, have
contributed to the continuous existence of uncontrolled or improper disposal of
waste in the environment.
1.3 Aims and Objectives
The aim of this research is
to examine the problems affecting proper waste disposal and management in a
modern world using Warri as case study, with the view to suggest possible
positive solutions to the problems.
1)
To examine the various types
of waste generated in Warri.
2)
To examine the methods of waste disposal and management
3)
To examine the factors
responsible for the high rate of waste generation in Warri.
4)
To suggest solution to the
problems of the present method employed in disposing waste.
1.4 Research Hypothesis
Ho: There is no
significant relationship between income levels and quantity of waste generated
in Warri.
Hi: There
is a significant relationship between income levels and quantity of waste
generated in Warri.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is very necessary,
as waste disposal and management poses a great problem to man and the
environment. Although there are available literatures on the topic, not much is
known by a vast number of the population about the adverse consequence of
accumulated waste in the environment; the presence of undisposed waste in Warri
poses a very great threat, not only to the environment, but also to the
residents in Warri.
It is not unusual to find
heaps of refuse along major roads, streets, market places, moats, etc in Warri
the presence of this undisposed waste has greatly defaced the environment and
also poses a great threat to human life. This study high-lights the dangers of
indiscriminate dumping of waste, benefits of proper waste management etc. it
will also give useful information on the importance and need for proper waste
disposal in Warri with respect to health and the environment. In conclusion,
the study is to aid in upgrading available information on waste disposal and
management in Warri.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study is
limited to the disposal of waste in Warri metropolis. Focus will be on the
method of storing, collecting and disposing them. For the purpose of selecting
valid result, the research instrument was also administered to public health
workers, institute and traders in Warri metropolis and Nigerians as a whole.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
In the course of this
research work, there are confrontations which the researcher faced, they are;
Time
Limitation: The time given to the researcher to carryout
this study is obliviously short, therefore make it difficult for the researcher
to really go deep into this study.
Finance: The researcher is faced by financial
constrain, and without finance little or nothing can be done.
Respondents: Like it is stated, limitations of the study
some people do not respond when they are given questionnaire, some are reserved
when it comes to giving vital information.
Adequate and complete information on hardly gotten from respondent
1.8 The Study Area
Warri is a town (City) located
in the southern part of Nigeria (Niger Delta Area and Delta State in
particular). Warriis
one of the hubs of petroleum related businesses in the southern Nigeria. The
city is known nationwide for its unique Pidgin English. Warri was once a
provincial capital to British rule. The Lagos and Protectorate of Southern
Nigeria was formally united as Colony Protectorate of Southern Nigeria on 28
February 1906 and Walter Egerton was appointed as the Governor of new Colony
and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, holding office until 1912. In the new
Southern Nigeria, the old Lagos Colony became the Western Province, and the
former Southern Nigerian Protectorate was split into a Central Province with
capital at Warri and an Eastern Province with capital at Calabar. Warri sits on
the bank of River Warri which joined River Forcados and River Escravos through
Jone Creek in the lower Niger Delta Region. The city has a modern seaport which
serves as the cargo transit point between the Niger River and the Atlantic
Ocean for import and export. The city's history dates back to the 15th century,
when it was visited by Portuguese missionaries. Subsequently it served as the
base for Portuguese and Dutch slave traders. Warri became a more important port
city during the late 19th century, when it became a centre for the palm oil
trade and other major items such as rubber, palm products, cocoa, groundnuts,
hides, and skins. Warri was then established as a provincial headquarters by the
British in the early 20th century. The economic base of the city lies in the
presence of a refinery and other oil and gas companies. Also, there is the
steel company, Delta Steel Company, which is located in Ovwian–Aladja area of Udu.
The Beta Glass Plant is located nearby, outside the town of Ughelli, where the
land is rich in silica and silicates, raw materials required for the
manufacture of glass, ceramics and cement. The Power Holding Company, one of
Nigeria's power generating stations, is also located at Ughelli, which is just
15 minutes away by car.
Population: There
have been a tremendous growth in the population of Warri; it has grown from
being a rural area to an urban area; it is a commercial city in Delta State,
Nigeria, with a population of over 311,970 people according to the national
population census figures for 2006. The area is predominantly rural of about
10% in Delta state; the city is one of cosmopolitan cities in southern Nigeria
comprising mainly Itsekiris, Urhobo and Ijaws.Warri is predominantly Christian,
as is most of Southern Nigeria.
Demography: Warri is regarded as a
modern metropolitan area with expanded infrastructural development in other
Local Government Areas (L.G.A.) such as Uvwie, Udu, Ughelli and Okpe in recent
years, with various road networks linking these places into one. Each of these
L.G.A has its own administrative structure.
Climate: The region experiences
moderate rainfall and moderate humidity for most part of the year. The climate
is equatorial and is marked by two distinct seasons: the dry season and the
rainy season. The dry season lasts from about November to April and is
significantly marked by the cool "harmarttan" dusty haze from the
north-east winds. The rainy season spans May to October with a brief dry spell
in August, but it frequently rains even in the dry season. The area is
characterized by tropical equatorial climate with mean annual temperature of
32.8 °C and annual rainfall amount of 2673.8 mm.
Vegetation: There
are high temperatures of 36 °C and 37 °C and the natural vegetation is of
rainforest with swamp forest in some areas. The forest is rich in timber trees,
palm trees, as well as fruit trees.
Economy, Infrastructure and Security: There
is the Warri Refinery and Petrochemicals located at Effurun, Ubeji and
Ifie-Kporo were majority of international and local oil companies operating in
Nigeria having their operational offices close by. One of the nations major sea
ports is sited within Ugbuwangue, Warri. Delta Steel Company located at Aladja and
Otorogu Gas Plants at Otor-Udu, Warri.Warri is garrisoned by the Amphibious
Infantry battalion (Warri Army Base) located in Warri, a nearby town to Warri
and is administratively under the Brigade HQ in Port-Harcourt. The Nigeria Navy
operates from its facilities in Warri. The 61 Nigerian Air force Detachment
also operates from its facilities in Warri.
Sports and Media: Warri
has an international stadium with a capacity of 30,000, which has hosted two
editions of the African WomenFootball Championship in 2002 and 2006
respectively and was in contention as one of the venues to be used for theFIFA
Under-17 World Cup in Nigeria in 2009. The stadium was used to host the African
Youth AthleticsChampionship (AYAC) in 2013. Warri Wolves, a professional
football team based in Warri plays in the Nigerian Premiership football league.
The many prominent footballers like Best Ogedegbe, Wilson Oruma, Efe Ambrose,
Victor Ikpeba and EkighoEhiosun.Warri has a state-operated television and radio
station (Delta Rainbow Television and Delta State Radio).
Transportation: In
2013, construction started on a standard gauge railway from the steel mills at
Ajaokuta to the port of Warri, about275 km away. By 2006, the standard gauge
lines had reached 329 km in length, but the final 27 km Warri section isstill
incomplete. In 2010, work recommenced to complete that final section to
Warri.Major road networks within Warri Metropolis has been improved upon by the
state government to improve theimage of the city. Transportation within the city
is mainly by bus and motorcycle. The federal government hascompleted the
Warri-Benin Road expansion project and is presently working on the East West
Road Projectwhich will connect Warri-Port Harcourt.
Transport by air into the city is through Osubi Airstrip
(also known as Warri Airport) which is located in Osubi, anearby town.Arik Air
and Aero Contractors are some of the main airlines operating commercial flights
on this route while majoroil companies like Shell and Chevron use the airport
for transportation of their staff to offshore locations.Movement of goods by
sea is through the Nigerian Ports Authority (Delta Ports) at Ugbuwangue, which
is mainlyfor export and import of goods by major companies. Also located on the
main Warri riverside are markets and jettiesused by local traders, which act as
a transit point for local transport and trade. There are local boats which are
usedfor movement from one location to another.
In terms of tourism there
are investment opportunities in the tourism sector within Warri and in nearby
towns. Abraka is just one of these towns, a favourite destination for domestic
and international tourists. It is just 30 minutes away from Warri by car.
The Abraka beach is famous for its natural flowing spring
water, and has sports and recreational facilities for outdoor activities like
canoeing, fishing, swimming, barbecue, and picnicking.There are various tourist
sites to visit while in Warri: The Abraka Golf Course, Red Mangrove swamp,
Warri City Stadium, Word of Life Bible Church Building, Udu Bridge, Warri
Garden Park, Osubi Airport, Main Warri Market, Delta Ports, NNPC and the Nana
Living History Museum.
1.11
Definition
of Terms
For the purpose of the
readers and those who may find this study useful, certain operational term use
are herby defined;
Waste:
This includes solid or dry waste
Garbage:
Waste resulting from preparing of cooking and
serving food.
Public
Health Instruments: Is for sanitary inspection.
Environmental
Sanitation: Is the arrangement for the removal of
waste in a community.
Disposal
of Waste: Is the collection and disposal of solid waste
in a community.
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