IMPACT OF RUNWAY CAPACITY ON FLIGHT EFFICIENCY AND DELAY

ABSTRACT

Congestion and delay at the airport are used in measuring the performance indicator (PI) of an airport. One key determinant of the expected activities at a given aerodrome is the airfield component and characteristic in which the runway is of great significant.  According to ICAO Annex 14 which addresses Aerodrome, runway is defined as rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft. This research looked at the current status of runways at Murtala Muhammed airport and the role the runway plays in ensuring flight efficiency and reduction in flight delay. The instruments of data collection include; the current aerodrome chart collected from the Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA) which helped understand the various airfield component and their characteristic in the understudied aerodrome, interview were made to cover pilot and air traffic controller as the key players in flight efficiency and delay, and observations of flight activities at Murtala Muhammed airport, especially as it concern aircraft arrival and landing were made by the researcher. Based on the current layout of the Murtala Muhammed airfield and its strategic location in Lagos state, Nigeria, research question was built to consider the need to create addition runway to help facilitate flight efficiency and reduction of flight delay. This question was presented in form of a hypothetical statement and was tested. With emphasis on arrival delay which includes approach and landing of an aircraft at the understudied aerodrome, the hypotheses stipulateddefinedthe quantity of time for an aircraft to land and exit the runway which determine the runway occupancy time in other to expedite landing for other arriving aircraft. This research therefore quantified the expected delay at Murtala Muhammed airport and proffer solution to how best it can be managed. The Hypothesis were tested and the correlation between the numbers of runway presently available at Murtala Muhammed was made against the recorded delay as determined in this research.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  iv

Abstract                                                                                                                                  v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   vi

List of Table                           

List of Figures

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the Study                                                                                           1

1.2       Statement of Problem                                                                                                 4

1.3       Aim and Objectives                                                                                                    5

1.4       Research Questions                                                                                                     6

1.4       Research Hypotheses                                                                                                  6

1.5       Scope of the Study                                                                                                     6

1.6       Study Area                                                                                                                  7

1.6.1    Murtala Muhammed Airport (MMIA)                                                                        7

1.6.2    Runway                                                                                                                       9

1.6.3    Ikeja Local Government Area                                                                                    11

1.6.4    Physical Characteristics Of Ikeja Lga                                                                        12

1.6.5    Human Characteristics of Ikeja Lga                                                                           14

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Flight Delay                                                                                                                16

2.1.1    Flight Delay Analysis and Potential Remedies                                                          18

2.1.2    Review on Methodology of Delay Analysis                                                              20

2.1.3    Conclusions of Literature Review                                                                              23

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0       Introduction                                                                                                                24

3.1       Instrument of Data Collection                                                                                                24

3.1.1    Flight Plan                                                                                                                   24

3.1.2    Interview                                                                                                                     25

3.1.3    Observation                                                                                                                 25

3.1.4    Aeronautical Charts                                                                                                    25

3.2       Method of Data Analysis                                                                                           35

3.2.1    Definition and Description of Arrival Delay                                                              35

CHAPTER FOUR:  DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS.

4.1       Introduction                                                                                                                38

4.2       Calculating Average Aircraft Arrival Delay                                                               46

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1       Summary of Findings                                                                                                 51

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  51

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        53

            Definitions                                                                                                         54

Bibliography                                                                                                    55

Appendix A: Log in Form for Arrival Aircraft                                                          58

Appendix B: Log in Form for Departure Aircraft                                                      59

Appendix C: Interview                                                                                               60

Appendix D: Aerodrome Chart                                                                                  63

LIST OF TABLES

Table3.1: Distribution of Domestic and International Air Traffic (2001 - 2015)                   34

Table 3.2: Table showing data sources and data format                                                         35

Table 4.1.1 Aircraft Movement on International Runway                                                     39

Table 4.1.2 Aircraft movement on Domestic runway                                                             41

Table 4.1.3 showing Actual time of Arrival (ATA) in minutes at Murtala Muhammed airport                                            44

Table 4.1.4 Correlation Between T1 and T2                                                                           45

Table 4.2.1 showing the computation for calculating Average Aircraft Arrival delay           47

Table 4.2.2 showing the correlation between Expected delay (D1) and the Actual delay (D2)            48

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Kano FIR enroute chart.

Figure 1.2: Photograph of Murtala Muhammed Airport, Ikeja.

Figure 1.3: Map of Ikeja showing Murtala Muhammed Airfields

Figure 1.4a: Map of Nigeria Showing Lagos

Figure 1.4b: Map of Lagos Showing Ikeja

Figure 2.1: Flight Efficiency and Delay conceptual framework

Figure 3.1a: Aerodrome Chart of Murtala Muhammed airport

Figure 3.1b: Simplified version of Murtala Muhammed aerodrome chart

Figure 3.2a: Enroute chart (Kano FIR)

Figure 3.2b: Simplified version of the Kano FIR chart

Figure 3.3a: Approach chart based on LAG VOR/DME/ILS 18L

Figure 3.3b: Approach chart based on LAG VOR/DME/ILS 18R

Figure 4.1.1 Line graph showing Aircraft movement on International runway

Figure 4.1.2Bar graph showing Aircraft movement on International runway

Figure 4.1.3: A line graph of Aircraft movement on Domestic runway

Figure 4.1.4 Bar chart depicting the aircraft movement on the domestic runway

Figure 4.1.5: Air route from Abuja to Lagos

Figure 4.1.6 showing the Bar chart depiction of Actual Time of Arrival in minutes

Figure 4.1.7 Correlating T1 and T2 using line graph

Figure 4.2.1 showing the correlation between the D1 and D2

Figure 4.2.2 scatter plot showing correlation between D1 and D2

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0    Background to the Study

Transportation is a vital activity in moving both freight and passengers around the world. It is one of the tools that civilized societies need soas to bring order out of chaos, because it cuts across every phase and facet of our existence. Air transport is relatively expensive when compared with other modes of transport likewater, road and rail system respectively.

However, air transport is the fastest of thesemodes. Aviation industry plays important role in providing for the world economies. One of the main challenges facing the aviation industry is to develop capacity to meet demand; by reducing flight delay which is one of the Key performance indicators (KPI) for aviation industry. Traffic delay is experienced whether in the departure, enrouteor arrival stage of flight operations. If an aircraft arrives late at its destination, the delayed inbound flight may not only be delayed on its next flight leg but it may also affect other flights within the airline network. Delay as defined by the oxford leaner’s dictionary is a period of time when somebody or something has to wait because of a problem that makessomething slow or late. Air traffic delay may be referred to as arrival or departure flight in excess of the estimated time on the flight plan. The root cause of delay can be either manmade or natural. The former is caused by airmen (personnel involved in flight movement) which could range from slow facilitation process, technical or maintenance problems, airspace cognition, movement breakdown while the later is caused by natural occurrence such as bad weather, natural disaster like volcano eruption, tornados. The causal effect of these factors is that goods and passengers will not get to their destination has scheduled. Apart from increasing the operational cost on the airline, it also increases fatigue on airmen, passengers etc. hence, in all ramification,` air traffic delay boilsdown to loss of resources.

Prompt performance of airlines schedule is keyfactor in maintaining satisfaction of both current and new customers in airline industry. Also,maintaining economical operations during irregular conditions is essential to achieve expected revenues. These require clever management of the different operation resources (aircraft, pilots and flight attendants) to ensure their on-time readiness for each flight in the planned schedule. However, flight schedules' are often subjected to numerous sources of irregularity. According to Rosenberger, Schaefer, Goldsman, Johnson, Kleywegt and Nemhauser, weather accounts for nearly 75% of system delays. In an air traffic flow management (ATFM) initiative for each controlled flight, a controlled time of arrival or arrival slot is assigned at the regulated area or arrival airport. Therefore, it is good to note that ATFM approach introduces a controlled flight system as a way to manage flight delays through proper sequencing of flight strip.

Based on filed flight plans and weather forecasts, trip times (total time it takes a flight to move from origin airport to destination airport) can be estimatedwith reasonable accuracy and consequently, the controlled time of departure (CTD) at the origin airport. Thus, the control time of departure (CTD) is equal to the control time of arrival (CTA) minus the trip time, and the total delay assigned (D) is the control time of departure (CTD) minus the estimated (scheduled) time of departure (ETD).

Various studies made on airport congestion have identified several factors which generate flight delays. Such factors include;

Saturation of airport capacity (includingair transportation control activities), airline problems, reactionary delays, passengers and cargo, weather and other unpredictable disruptions (e.g. strikes). Among all these factors, delay time experienced by flights and passengers can be mostly attributed to problems caused by air traffic control, airports infrastructure, and airlineoperations. In addition stormy weather causes delays not only at airports experiencing the inclement weather, but also at airports with flights connecting from the airports experiencing inclement weather. During stormy weather, airport capacity is reduced due to increased aircraft separations. Because of this weather condition, instrument landing systems (ILS) are required for aircraft navigation in these conditions, this situation is called Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). In a Clear weather, this condition is known as Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC).Furthermore, studies have identified the stages of flight in which delays occur and the causalfactors that result in delays. In a research conducted by Mueller the data shows that 84% of all delays occur on the ground (gate, taxi-out, taxi-in), out of which 76% are prior to takeoff (gate, taxi-out), suggesting that focusing on ground delay prediction will have the most impact on improving forecasting algorithms.Air traffic delay has become a major problem for air traveler and airline operators. Occasional delays are part of air travel today, as much as we dislike delays; we cannot avoid them even in well run airlines. Murtala Muhammed international Airport encounters the highest amount of traffic movement in Nigeria. Recently, there have been series of reports related to delays in air traffic at Murtala Muhammed airport. This delay often results in the increase in fuel consumption of aircrafts, affects passengers getting to their destination on time. In most cases the connecting flight is missed and the airline operators have no other option order than to take their passengers back to their point of departure and the ticket fair refunded back to them. Airtraffic delay cannot be averted but can be managed. Arising from the above scenario, this, study attempts to examine the relationship between airport delay and airport capacity and how best this relationship can be managed.

1.2      Statement of Problem

Apart from the direct costs imposed on the airline industry and its customers, flight delays have indirect effects on the national economy. Specifically, the role it plays toward inefficiency in the air transportation sector therefore increases the cost of doing business for other sectors, making the associated businesses less productive.

There are vase records of flight delays at many commercial airports all over the world. At Sao Paolo’s Guarulhos and Congonhas International Airports only 41% and 43% of all flights, respectively, left on time, making them the third and fourth worst cities for departures. Sao Paolo is also one of the worst places in the world for arrivals. Just 54% of the flights at Congonhas and 59% of the flights at Guarulhos arrived as scheduled.

Brazil, of course, isn’t the only country with a poor track record for flight delays. At Beijing Capital International Airport just 33% of its flights took off on time in 2007, putting it just behind Brasilia on list of worst departure airports. Egypt’s Cairo International, Africa’s second busiest airport behind Johannesburg, only saw 47% of its flights take off most time with the average wait of 43 minutes. And at sprawling Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris–the worst place in Europe to catch a timely flight–barely 50% of its commercial passenger planes left as scheduled.

Airport authorities typically use arrival times when tracking late flights, which are considered delayed if they reach their destination at least 15 minutes behind schedule. According to conventional wisdom, pilots can make up for lost time on the ground a concept referred to as Ground holding program which is one of the basic methods of lowering the cost problem that usually occur during delay and congestion incur due to uncertainty of future landing capacity It means to have a flight wait on the ground at its point of origin than to have it circle the airport at its destination, unable to land once they’re in the air. But travelers find few things more frustrating than having to wait more than necessary at their gate or on the runway. So therefore we can have delay at departure, arrival and enroute as components of flight delay.

In the U.S., New York City has become synonymous with delayed flights as commercial and corporate jets crowd limited airspace over the city. With just 58% of its flights arriving on time in 2007, LaGuardia airport beat out Newark International (slightly more than 58% arrived as scheduled) for the worst airport in the U.S. for arrivals. They round out the top five of the world’s worst airports for delayed arrivals. Incidentally, John F. Kennedy International–New York’s largest airport with 44 million passengers annually–was barely behind them, with more than 40% of its flights arriving late.

Robert Poole, founder of the Reason Foundation and a frequent adviser to the U.S. government on transportation issues, says that, in New York, airlines have caused the delay problem by substituting smaller planes for larger ones. At John F. Kennedy International, the number of planes with less than 100 seats has grown by 128% during the last 5 years.

In this research we are looking at the Arrival delay based on available aerodrome infrastructure presently at Murtala Muhammed airport. with the following questions in mind; if an aircraft departing from origin aerodrome as scheduled why should there be Arrival delay at the destination airport? How can this delay be best managed?

1.3     Aim and Objectives

The Aim of this project is to study the currently available airport infrastructures, there effects on flight Arrival delay at Murtala Muhammed airport and to proffer solution to best manage this Arrival delays.

The objectives of this research is as follows

1.         To study the available airport infrastructure in Murtala Muhammed airport.

2.         To relate these available airport infrastructure to arrival delay by creating and testing hypothetical statements (hypotheses).

3.         Proffer possible solution to the Arrivaldelay at Murtala Muhammed airport.

1.4      Research Questions

1.         Does the number of runway determines the flight efficiency and or the delay at Murtala Muhammed airport?

2.         Does the cumulative runway occupancy time directly responsible for arrival delay at Murtala Muhammed airport?

1.4       Research Hypotheses

Consequently, the following hypotheses were postulated:

1.         The number of runway determines the flight efficiency and delay at Murtala Muhammed airport.

2.         The cumulative runway occupancy time is directly responsible for the arrival delay at Murtala Muhammed airport

1.5       Scope of the Study

The study area is the Nigerian Airspace which is referred to as Kano Flight Information Region (Kano FIR) according to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The aerodrome of study is Murtala Mohammed International Airport located at Ikejain Lagos state. It is also important to note that the Nigerian Airspace is divided into two sectors by international civil aviation organization(ICAO) which are the Northern and Southern sector. Lagos airport (Murtala Mohammed airport) takes over the jurisdiction of all aerodromes in the Southern sector, while Kano airport (Aminu Kano International airport) takes control of all aerodromes in the Northern sector. Below is a pictorial representation of Nigerian Airspace (Kano FIR) as published by Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA).

Figure 1.1: Kano FIR enroute chart.

1.6       Study Area

1.6.1 Murtala Muhammed Airport (MMIA).

Murtala Muhammed International Airport is an International airport located in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. It was originally known as Lagos International Airport and was renamed in the mid 1970s during the construction of the new international terminal, after the former Nigerian military head of state, General Murtala Muhammed. The Murtala Muhammed International terminal was modeled after Amsterdam Airport. This new terminal was opened officially on the 15th March, 1979. It is the main base for Nigeria's flag carrier airlines such as Aero Contractor and Arik Airline.

Figure 1.2: Photograph of Murtala Muhammed Airport, Ikeja.

Murtala Muhammed Airport consists of an international and a Domestic terminal, located about one kilometer from each other. Both terminals share the same runways. The International operations moved to the new international airport when it was ready while domestic operations moved to the Ikeja airport, which became the domestic airport. the domestic operations were relocated to the old Lagos domestic terminal in 2000 after a fire outbreak. a new domestic privately funded terminal known as MMA2 has been constructed and was commissioned on 7th April 2007.

The airfield parameter of Murtala Muhammed aerodrome consist the runway and the taxiway. The runway is designated as 18R/36L which is for the runway on the International wing of the airport. On the local wing of the airport is the runway 18L/36R. The runway at the international terminal has a parallel taxiway attached to it while the runway at the local terminal has two parallel taxiways east and west of the runway. There is also an interconnection taxiway which links both the runways at the local terminal and the runway at the international terminal together. These taxiways are designated as western (A), central (B) , interconnected (F) and eastern taxiway (C) with their assigned alphabet as signage.

Each parallel taxiway has links to the runway. for the eastern taxiway to the local runway, a total number of seven links are available to the runway. each runway is dual designated (18R/36L); this means that a single  landing strip can be landed into through the two ends of the runway.

Figure 1.3: Map of Ikeja showing Murtala Muhammed Airfields

1.6.2  Runway

According to ICAO Anne 14, runway is defined as a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft

There are two type of runway base on the available navigational aids

1.      precision approach runway

2.      non-precision approach runway

Precision approach runway is defined based on the presence of instrument landing system (ILS) coupled with very high frequency omini-directional radio range and distance measuring equipment (VOR/DME) navigational aids to help facilitate safe landing at the particular aerodrome.

Non- precision approach runway on the other hand isbased on the usage of very high frequency omini-directional radio range and distance measuringequipment (VOR/DME) or locator for safe landing at the particular aerodrome.

The importance of ILSis to facilitate landing even in Instrument Meteorological Condition (IMC) where the viability at the aerodrome is very poor. ILSconsists of both the Glide path and the Localizer. Together they give an aircraft an angular measurement in order for the aircraft to touch down safely on a runway even in a very bad visibility condition.

Both the international runway and the local runway at Murtala Muhammed airport are equipped withILS making the runway to belong to a precision approach runway category.

A runwayconsists of two runway directions. In MMIA the local runway has 18R and 36L, therefore giving the runway designation as 18R/36L. The international runway hasalso 18L and 36R, therefore giving the runway designation as 18L/36R.

Table 1.1 Murtala Muhammed Runway characteristics

The two runways are parallel to one another. The strength and length of a runway determine the category of aircraft that can land on that runway and also in that aerodrome.Before any aircraft can land in any aerodrome consideration is given to the runway length and runway strength as published in the aeronautical manual known as Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)

1.6.3    Ikeja Local Government Area

The major location for the Murtala Muhammed airport is Ikeja. Ikeja city is a large component of Lagos metropolis. Ikeja is located between Longitude 003⁰ 18' 30"E and Longitude 003⁰ 23' 00"E as well as Latitude 006⁰ 39' 30"N and 006⁰ 33' 00"N. 

Ikeja became the capital of Lagos State in 1976 due to improve road networks developed to cater for the increase in concentration of pedestrian and vehicular movements. Also, commercial activities like banking, retail/wholesale businesses, and professional services congregated took advantage of nearness to seat of governance. Concentration of activities attracted consumers and ancillary service providers.

Described in terms of its operational structures, Ikeja is divided into seven sectors. Sector One lies in the north-central part of the metropolis and consists mainly of residential neighbourhoods with occasional commercial users of banks and service offices, and Isheri-Agege Road is the only arterial road traversing the Sector. Sector Two is of predominantly industrial concerns around WEMPCO, ACME and Lateef Jakande Roads; Sector Three is almost centrally located in the study area and consists of Oba Akran Avenue, Adeniyi Jones, Aromire Avenue, and Obafemi Awolowo Way that serve as demarcation between Sectors Three and Five. The sector is predominantly residential interspersed by few industrial concerns and commercial outfits that over the years have displaced residential users along the arterial roads. Sector Four lies in the eastern part of the study area served by Secretariat Road, Ikosi Road, Oregun Road, 7-up Road and bounded by Lagos/Ibadan Expressway and Ikorodu Road. Sector Five, which is bounded, by Sectors Three, Four and Six consists of Allen Avenue, Opebi Road, Ola Ayeni Street, Toyin Street, Olowu Street, Kodesho Street, Simbiat Abiola Road, Otigba Street and Opebi Link-Road. The sector is characterized by concentration of commercial properties and represents the main commercial sector of the study area. Also from Sector Six occupies the southern part of the study area and consists of Government Residential Area (G.R.A), and institutional properties (Army Barracks, Police Barracks, High and Magistrate Courts, Lagos State Administrative Centre, Passport Office and Nigeria Telecommunication Limited). Properties along the major roads in the Sector have undergone a change from residential to commercial use. Roads within the Sector include Mobolaji Bank-Anthony Way, Adekunle Fajuyi Way, Isaac John Street, Oba Akinjobi Street; while Sector Seven which lies at the western part consists of Murtala Muhammed International Airport.

Ikeja Local Government Council Area is located in the north-central part of Lagos state sharing boundaries with  Alimosho Local Government Council Areas in the western and Oshodi-Isolo Local Government Council Area forms the boundary in the southern part.

1.6.4    Physical Characteristics Of Ikeja Lga

In line with Lagos close proximity to the equatorial belt and the Atlantic Ocean, the climate in Lagos is tropical and the weather is wet. 
1.6.4.1  Temperature

Temperatures are generally high and shockingly consistent, and seasons are more aptly characterized by the difference in rainfall than a change in the mercury. For example, in Lagos, the average temperature in January is 88°F (31°C) and 73°F (23°C), and in June it’s 82°F (28°C) and 73°F (23°C); though June is the season with peak rains. 

1.6.4.2 Rain

 Lagos has a tropical wet and dry climate with two distinct rainy seasons; the more intense season occurs between April and July, with a milder one from October to November. At the peak of the rainy season, the weather in Lagos is wet about half the time. Lagos experiences a dry season (when it rains less than two days per month) during August and September, as well as between December and March, accompanied by Harmattan winds from the Sahara Desert, which are at their strongest from December to early February.

1.6.4.3 Vegetation 

Two main vegetation types are identifiable in Lagos State: Swamp Forest of the coastal belt and dry lowland rain forest. The swamp forests in the state are a combination of mangrove forest and coastal vegetation developed under the brackish conditions of the coastal areas and the swamp of the freshwater lagoons and estuaries.

Red mangrove (sometimes attaining heights of 592m) as well as mangrove shrubs, stiltrooted trees with dense undergrowths and raffia and climbing palms are characteristic of the swamp forest zone. Of course, on the seaward side of this zone, wide stretches of sand and beaches exist. Although a small amount of pit props and fuel material emanate from the swamp forest zone in Lagos State, it is of no significance in the lumber economy of Nigeria.

Lying to the north of the swamp forests is the lowland (tropical) rain forest zone. This zone, which stretches from the west of Ikeja through Ikorodu to an area slightly north of Epe has been modified by man. Yet this is the area of the state where such economically valuable trees as teak, tripochiton, seletrocylon (Arere), banclea diderrichil (Opepe) and terminahia (Idigbo) are to be found. The creeks, lagoons and rivers act as arteries which carry huge quantities of logs from outofstate sources to Lagos.

1.6.4.4 Soils 

Lagos State is endowed with very little arable land. Altogether, four soil groups are identified. On the western half of the coastal margin, juvenile soils on recent windborne sands occur. The rest of the coastal area towards the east is covered also by juvenile soils on fluviomarine alluvium (mangrove swamp).

Thirdly, a narrow and rather discontinuous band of mineral and/or organic hydromorphic soils occurs in the middle and northeastern sections of the state. The fourth group, occurring in two rather tiny and discontinuous patches along the northern limits of the state, consists dominantly of red ferrallitic soils on loose sandy sediments.

1.6.5     Human Characteristics of Ikeja Lga

1.6.5.1 Population

Ikeja being one of the metropolitan areas in Lagos has a population of about 313,196population based on 2006 population figure (Wikipedia). It also has the population density of 6,785/km²(Wikipedia). The major occupation of the indigene of Ikeja was basically farming and trading. Lagos as a Yoruba state has the Aworis as the major Yoruba sub-group as the settlers in Ikeja area. The major known festival in Ikeja is the OsunIyaAlaro festival.

1.6.5.2 Culture

The Lagos Carnival is an occasion of glamour, color, fun, beauty and a rich display of the culture of Lagos with various groups representing diverse neighborhoods, communities and selected associations in Lagos. The participants marched in a procession through different routes like Bourdillon Road-Giwa Barracks- Falomo Roundabout- Awolowo Road,-King George V Road-Bamgbose –Campos SquareCatholic Mission Street to put up a masterful display at the Tafawa Balewa Square Lagos which is the venue of the grand finale. The participating adult Carnival groups include, Lafiaji, Epetedo, Oko Faji, Locomotion, Obalende, Isale-Eko, Ogba, Woro Group, Ikeja, Emerald, Surulere, Ilasamaja, with many of the members made up of predominantly the youth. These occasions are referred to as family day where all the children, parents and friends can come out, dance, sing, display and generally have fun, stressing that a nation that has so many young people needs many more of this kind of activity to expend the energies that it has and to channel them to productive purposes.

Figure 1.4b: Map of Lagos Showing Ikeja

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