TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Enzymes
1.2
Classification
of Enzymes
1.3
Factors
affecting enzymes activities
1.4
Kinetic
of Enzymes catalyzed reactions
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Immobilization
process
2.1 Immobilized
Enzymes
2.2 Immobilization
techniques and support materials
2.3 Inhibition of
Enzymes
2.4 Enzymes
Mechanisms
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Industrial
Applications of Immobilized Enzymes
3.1
Immobilized
Enzymes in Food Processing
3.2
Immobilized
Enzymes in Clinical / Medical Industry
3.3
Immobilized
Enzymes in drug design
3.4
Immobilized
as Biosensors
3.5
Immobilized
Enzymes in the production of Syrups from cornstarch (part of food application)
CHAPTER FOUR
Future Role of Enzyme Immobilization
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The history of enzymes may be regarded
as commencing with the work of Dubrunfaut, (1830) who prepared malt extract
from germinating barley seeds. This
extract possessed the power of converting starch into sugar. Therefore, it is imperative to briefly
discuss the general facts and concepts of Enzymes before passing to detailed
study of the various applications of immobilized enzymes in industries.
1.1 ENZYMES
These can be defined as the substances
which catalyzing or alter the rate of chemical reactions. All enzymes are conjugated proteins and usually
associated with non – proteins groups.
The catalytic activities depend on the maintenances of their native
structure and slight variations may result in significant changes in their
activities. A common feature of all
enzymes in the presence of a cleft / depression in the structure which is line
mainly with hydrophobic amino acids into which the substrate fixed which is
known as the ‘Active site’. Certain
amino acids residues which are concern with either orientation of the
concentrate and the ends with the specificity of the enzymes or are involved in
the catalyst of the reaction are located in this cleft, those amino acid that
are associated with the latter role form the active site of the enzymes and are
often located towards its base of this cleft, those amino acid that are
associated with the latter role form the active site of the enzyme and are
often located towards its base of this cleft.
In most cases, they are ionic or reactive and they include instidine,
serine as well as Glutaric and Asphatic acid.
In addition, the Ions from a solution particularly cations may aid
either location of substrate of the reaction. (Extracted from fundamentals of
the biochemistry 6th Ed. S. ched & Co Ltd. New Delhi. Pg. 334
-348)
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF
ENZYMES
Enzymes can be classified according to
their catalytic actions on various compounds.
ü Oxidoreductases: these catalyze the transfer of
hydrogen or oxygen atoms or electrons and are using NAD+/NADP+
as an electron acceptor.
ü Transferases: catalyze the specific grouping
transferring e.g. Methyl, Carbonyl and COA.
ü Hydrolyses: catalyze transfer of hydrolytic
reactions e.g carbonsilic ester, thiolester, endoribonuclear and dipeptile
hydrolyses.
ü Liases: these are enzymes that catalyze
cleaving of bones by reaction.
ü Isomerizes: these catalyze intra molecular
rearrangements.
ü Ligases: catalyses formation of bones and
required ATP.
1.3 FACTORS AFFECTING
ENZYMES ACTIVITIES
1. TEMPERATURE:
An increase in temperature of an enzymes increase the rate of all chemical
reactions include those catalyze by the enzymes, it also increases the rate of
denaturation of enzymes proteins, denaturation occur more readily.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ENZYMES
Because of denaturation of A, the proportion of active fall
and these two processes result in deducted line.
2. PH: All enzymes are sensitive to
changes in P.H and function best over a very limited range with a definite P.H
optimum. The effects of P.H are to the changes in the tonic state of both amino
acid residues of the enzymes and substrate molecules.
There alterations incharge will affect
substrate bonding and the resulting rate of the reaction over a narrow P.H
range, this effect will be reversible but extreme acidity or alkalinity often
cause serious distortion of protein structure and result in permanent
denaturation.
TABLE 1.3.2 EFFECT
OF P.H ON ENZYME LACTATE.
3. SUBSTRATE
CONCENTRATION:
If concentration is at low substrate, the rate of reaction increases and at
higher concentration the rate begins to level out and eventually becomes almost
constant regardless other increase of concentration.
4. KINETIC OF ENZYMES
CATALYZED REACTIONS
The law of mass action states that,
the rate of chemical reaction is proportional to the product of concentration
of the reaction. These means that the rate of reaction which has a style
component will increase in direct relation to the increase in concentration but
for a two component reaction, the two will increase in proportion to the square
of concentration.
These relationships may be express in
the following term.
Rate
= k1 (concentration) ___ style
Rate
= k2 (concentration x (concentration) two reactions
Where k1, and k2
are reaction velocity concentration or the rate constant for the reaction. The
reactions are said to show first and second order kinetic respectively,
occasional situation may arise where the
cases on the concentration of a reactant do not result in an increased reaction
rate, such reaction are said to be zero order kinetic.
The effect of
increase the concentration of substrate can be explain most satisfactorily by
the formation of an enzyme substrate complex as a key state of reaction.
It is the breakdown of the complex
which result in the formation of the product and hence first order kinetic
applied. The profile shows the effect of enzymes on the action at low
concentration, the rate of resulting from the first order and of the enzyme id
proportional to the concentration of the reaction.
However, at high concentration the
reaction is almost constant and independent of the substrate concentration.
[Extracted from Jain I.L (Jain S and
Jain N. (2005); fundamental of biochemistry. 6th Ed. S chand &
co. ltd. New Delhi pg. 334.-348]
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment